tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-74474572024-03-07T08:57:15.923+00:00Graham's Uncommon Place English Christian male who is not backward in coming forward with opinions.Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.comBlogger4133125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-56559839599162717682020-04-09T15:00:00.001+01:002020-04-09T15:00:19.578+01:00FORMER BBC JOURNALIST ROBIN AITKEN MBE SPEAKS TO C4M ABOUT MARRIAGE, THE FAMILY AND BBC BIAS<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv8913202084mcnTextContentContainer" style="border-collapse: collapse; caret-color: rgb(29, 34, 40); color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; width: 600px;"><tbody>
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Dear marriage supporter,</div>
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Robin Aitken MBE is a journalist who spent twenty-five years working for the BBC as a reporter and executive.</div>
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After leaving, he wrote <em><a href="https://c4m.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=09b50bf032ab47d3992863a44&id=414a57ac92&e=6b662e8764" rel="nofollow" style="color: rgb(63, 174, 42) !important;" target="_blank">The Noble Liar: How and Why the BBC Distorts the News to Promote a Liberal Agenda</a></em>, a blistering exposé from an insider's perspective of how our state broadcaster skews its output in a liberal direction.</div>
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He explained to C4M's Tony Rucinski what this means for its portrayal of all things to do with marriage and the family.</div>
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Within the BBC has emerged, he says, an ideology committed to the notion that a liberal, tolerant, permissive society will increase the sum of human happiness.</div>
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When it comes to divorce, for example, this means the BBC promotes the lie that divorce makes everyone happier, when in fact marriage is designed to create happy, stable families. Healthy families are the bedrock of a healthy society, and in the long run it is better for individuals to weather the inevitable storms in their marriage, see it through and stick it out. Yet the BBC is very reluctant to engage with arguments like this.</div>
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You will never find, for instance, the BBC framing the problem of poor childhood mental health in terms of the breakdown of families. It is always in terms of resources or social media or something else. There is a persistent failure to engage with the real, deeper issues.</div>
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This is also a matter of free speech, Aitken says. The BBC frames its debates according to an ideology of transgressive morality that excludes the beliefs of him and millions like him. A great swathe of opinion in the country never gets a hearing on the national broadcaster.</div>
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At C4M we certainly recognise this picture of a media world hostile to traditional notions of marriage and the family. We hope that many more voices like Robin's will be heard within our media institutions and bring about the change that is needed.</div>
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Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-57495949671157405002020-02-17T09:57:00.001+00:002020-02-17T09:57:06.839+00:00Books read in February 2020<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. <span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Dominion: The Making of the Western Mind</span><span class="a-size-large" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B000APEALK","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tom Holland</span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">A curate's egg. Some parts good as on crucifixion </span></span></span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">but it never seemed to me up to the claim of its title. Nether a history nor a proper thesis.</span>Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-79673703269124245672020-01-15T15:51:00.001+00:002020-02-06T12:47:26.623+00:00Books read January 2020<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. <span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.2 !important; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; word-wrap: break-word;">Siege </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B005XQDAYO","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jack Hight</span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">A good historical </span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">novel</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> abut the 1453 fall of Constantinople to the </span></span></span></span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Turks. A helpful historical notes tells you what is history and which parts are fiction.</span><br />
<span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">2. </span><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Neither Bomb Nor Bullet: Benjamin Kwashi: Archbishop on the front line</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Andrew Boyd</span> <span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Having previously read the biography of wife, Gloria, this give a </span></span></span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">differentiations respective on the life of Ben Kwashi. A courageous man of peace and faith not afraid to speak the truth to authority. This is not a book for the faint hearted, especially the chapter on how his home was attacked in his absence and his wife brutally sexually assaulted. I do though question some of the history. AFAIK Vom, stared in 1922 was the first mission hospital in the north of Nigeria. I am surprised he does not recount Dt Miller establishing the first church at Zaria, the only one ever from converted Muslims. Also there is little mention of Christian work apart from the Anglicans, especially in Plateau State. Lacks an index.</span><br />
<span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">3. </span><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">The Ultimate Christmas Cracker</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B000AQ520W","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">John Julius Norwich</span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">From 1969 until hid death in 2018 the author sent his friends an annual Christmas selection from his commonplace book. A curate's egg. The good and funny but some seem </span></span></span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">indifferent. Tastes vary.</span><br />
<span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><br /></span>
<span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">4<span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Brewer's Famous Quotations</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Nigel Rees</span> <span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">A unique addition to my many books of quotations. A limited selection of 5000 quotations and the stories </span></span></span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">behind them. What make this collection unique is the stories behind the quotes and also details on how they have subsequently been used or misused.</span><br />
<span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">5.</span><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Was it Only Yesterday?: The Last Generation of Northern Nigeria's "Turawa"</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">A. Trevor Clark</span> <span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Editor)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">A fascination book for anyone interested in the </span></span></span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">history of Northern Nigeria under the British, to to be precise from around 1940 to 1966. I was there 1970 to 1982 so do take exception to the tile which should be 'The Last Generation of Northern Nigeria's governing "Turawa". In colonial Africa tare were three classes of expatriates. First class were government, second clad commercial. I was third class, missionary. The book is all about the first class with passing mention of he commercials and one chapter on missionaries. First class ended in the sixties. The other classes stayed longer. The stories of the handful of former public schoolboys who directly ruled millions on Nigerians are fascinating. But what is lacking is any real delineation of the country before the British came nor any critique of how indirect rule favoured the spread of Islam when Pax Britannica forbade Christian missions but allowed Islam to spread as never before. I am also surprise to fine no mention of Stanhope-White, nor hs books.</span>Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-92203634726094466022019-12-15T16:26:00.001+00:002019-12-16T11:52:22.010+00:00How many prime minsters?First in the first two decades of a century<br />
1700s - 7<br />
1800s - 6<br />
1900s - 5<br />
2000s - 5<br />
And in the century<br />
17th - 22<br />
18th - 21<br />
19th - 21<br />
Our Queen has had 14 prime ministers, Victoria had 10.Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-75227898332387646972019-12-13T13:37:00.002+00:002019-12-13T13:37:40.612+00:00Three needed electoral reforms.1. MPs representing the parts of the UK with devolved government should not be voting at Westminster on matters which affect England but have no relevance for their constituencies e.g The NHS in England.<br />
2. MPs who leave the party for which they were elected should automatically have to face a by-election.<br />
3. Electors in Sinn Fein constituencies who did not vote SF so have no representative at Westminster should be able to adopt another MP to represent them in parliament.Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-26467050406450663972019-12-05T12:07:00.000+00:002019-12-24T11:16:57.447+00:00Books read and reviewed Dec 2019<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. <span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, Volume Three: Herself Alone</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B07ZJLBW4J","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Charles Moore</span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><br /></span></span>
<span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">This </span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">large</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> and very detailed </span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">volume</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> goes from Lady Thatcher's third general election victory as premier up to her death. It was proves Enoch Powell's maxim </span></span></span></span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">the all political careers end in tragedy. Here was a leader more honoured outside her country than within her own party at home. We read of her huge contribution to the end of the Cold War and the transformation of South Africa. But by two votes of her </span>MPs<span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> she failed to be confirmed in office. Ironically her successor, Major similarly failed on his first ballot bu was elected with fewer votes ha T</span>hatcher<span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> had received. She was betrayed </span>primarily<span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> by the Cabinet and MP's concerned for their own electoral survival. Moore tellingly observed that she was loved and respected by those who worked for her but failed to take along with respect for her, those who served alongside her. </span><br />
<span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> The final years, the decline into dementia are very sympathetically portrayed. We will not see her like again.</span><br />
<span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">2. </span><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">The Sacred Anointing: Preaching and the Spirit's Anointing in the Life and Thought of Martyn Lloyd Jones</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tony Sargent</span> <span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">A fine study of Lloyd-Jones as preacher. A heart </span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">warming</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> and challenging book for any who aspire to preach. I attended </span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Westminster</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> Chapel, 1964 to 67 and his brings back many memories. Pneumatology, the power of te Holy Spirit is </span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">rightly</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> a major emphasis but the author gives no biblical critique of the Doctor's doctrine of the baptism of he Spirit as </span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">something</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> that can be repeated in a believer's life. Surely this is a filling with the Spirit? John </span></span></span></span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Stott gives a better exposition of this biblical terminology than does the Doctor.</span><br />
<span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> I believe the Doctor was the greatest preacher of the last century but this study does not consider his failing as a pastor in a local church where you could attend for years and never be so much as offered a cup of tea by way of fellowship, much less any challenge as to joining the local church. Preaching is primary but it is not everything in church life.</span><br />
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<div class="a-section a-spacing-none" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 22px;">
<h1 class="a-size-large a-spacing-none" id="title" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">3. 2000 Years of Christ's Power Volume 3</span><span class="a-size-large" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"> </span>by <span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Nick Needham</span> <span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span></h1>
<div style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">This is the best contemporary series on Church history. The areas I found </span></span></span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">most helpful were the where my own reading was weak, the radical reformation and the evangelical Catholic response to the reformation. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">4.</span><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Dominion: A History of England Volume V </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B000APSHY6","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Peter Ackroyd</span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">From Waterloo to he death of Victoria, the fourth excellent volume in the series so I look forward o the final episode. Some significant omissions - the children of Victoria, the Brontes and the downfall of Wilde. One piece of political correctness. No way was the Mutiny a first Indian war of indendence!</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">5. </span></span></span></span><span class="a-size-medium a-color-base a-text-normal" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.255 !important; text-decoration: none; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Suspect</span> </span><span class="a-size-base" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 19px !important;">by </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 19px !important;">Robert Crais </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 19px !important;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 19px !important;">Delightful whodunit where the hero is a dog and sometimes the dog narrates too. A good page turner.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 19px !important;">6<span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.2 !important; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; word-wrap: break-word;">Resurrectionist </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B0045A8OTK","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">James McGee</span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sex and violence in early 19th </span></span></span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">century London. The level of violence in nauseatingly oppressive. The plot combines unrealistic science fiction with well narrated historical fiction. But too gory for me.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-22130015598499182612019-11-07T14:34:00.000+00:002019-11-07T14:34:17.120+00:00How many kings since 1066 have been the eldest son?Until the present day when primogeniture was moved to the eldest child, not son of the monarch, how many kings were eldest sons?<br />
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<b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">William II</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norman" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">: </span><i style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Williame</i><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">; c.</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;"> 1056</span><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> – 2 August 1100), the third son of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>.<br />
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<b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Henry I</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (c. 1068 – 1 December 1135), also known as </span><b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Henry Beauclerc</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, was </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> from 1100 to his death in 1135. He was the fourth son of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 14px;">.</span></span><br />
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<b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Stephen</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (1092/6 – 25 October 1154), often referred to as </span><b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Stephen of Blois</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, was </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">from 22 December 1135 to his death. He was </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Boulogne" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Count of Boulogne">Count of Boulogne</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> from 1125 until 1147 and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> from 1135 until 1144. His reign was marked by </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anarchy" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="The Anarchy">the Anarchy</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, a civil war with his cousin and rival, the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Matilda" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, whose son, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, succeeded Stephen as the first of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin kings of England</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span><br />
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<b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Henry II</b><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Henry Curtmantle</b><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="French language">French</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">:</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><i lang="fr" style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Court-manteau</i><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">),</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Henry FitzEmpress</b><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">or</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Henry Plantagenet</b><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, ruled as</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">,</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">and</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">,</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Anjou" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Count of Anjou">Count of Anjou</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">,</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Maine" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Count of Maine">Maine</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, and</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Nantes" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Count of Nantes">Nantes</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">; at various times, he also partially controlled Scotland, Wales and the</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Duchy of Brittany">Duchy of Brittany</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. Henry was the son of</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Anjou" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Geoffrey of Anjou">Geoffrey of Anjou</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">and</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Matilda" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, daughter of</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. </span><br />
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<b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Richard I</b><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">from 1189 until his death. He also ruled as</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">,</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">and</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Gascony" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Duke of Gascony">Gascony</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, Lord of</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">,</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Poitiers" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Count of Poitiers">Count of Poitiers</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">,</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Anjou" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Count of Anjou">Anjou</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">,</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Maine" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Count of Maine">Maine</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, and</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Nantes" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Count of Nantes">Nantes</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, and was</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlord" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Overlord">overlord</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">of</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Brittany">Brittany</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of King</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">and Duchess</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.As the third legitimate son of King Henry II, he was not expected to ascend to the throne.</span><br />
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<b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">John</b><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) was</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> from 1199 until his death in 1216. King</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">and Duchess</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">had five sons:</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IX,_Count_of_Poitiers" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="William IX, Count of Poitiers">William IX, Count of Poitiers</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, who died before John's birth;</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">;</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Richard I of England">Richard I, Count of Poitiers (Lionheart)</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">;</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany">Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">; and John.</span><br />
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<b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">1.Henry III</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as </span><b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Henry of Winchester</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, was </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Duke of Aquitaine</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> from 1216 until his death.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III,_King_of_England#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> The son of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="John, King of England">King John</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Isabella of Angoulême">Isabella of Angoulême</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine. He was the first eldest son to become king.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">2.</span><b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Edward I</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as </span><b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Edward Longshanks</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and the </span><b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Hammer of the Scots</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (</span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Latin language">Latin</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">: </span><i lang="la" style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Malleus Scotorum</i><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">), was </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> from 1272 to 1307. Before his accession to the throne, he was commonly referred to as </span><b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The Lord Edward</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurt201375Carpenter1985Lloyd1986Powicke1947_1-0" style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurt201375Carpenter1985Lloyd1986Powicke1947-1" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> The first son of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 14px;">.</span></span><br />
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<b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Edward II</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327), also called </span><b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Edward of Carnarvon</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, was </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> from 1307 until he was </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(politics)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Deposition (politics)">deposed</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> in January 1327. The fourth son of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 14px;">.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 14px;">3.</span></span><b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Edward III</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377) was </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> from January 1327 until his death. Eldes son of his deposed father.</span><br />
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<b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Richard II</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (6 January 1367 – c. 14 February 1400), also known as </span><b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Richard of Bordeaux</b><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, was </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> from 1377 until he was </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(politics)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Deposition (politics)">deposed</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> in 1399. Richard's father, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward the Black Prince</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, died in 1376, leaving Richard as </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> to </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_III" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="King Edward III">King Edward III</a><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. </span><br />
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<b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Henry IV</b><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(15 April 1367 – 20 March 1413), also known as</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><b style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Henry Bolingbroke</b><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(</span><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap" style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">), was</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">from 1399 to 1413. He asserted the claim of his grandfather</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_III" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="King Edward III">King Edward III</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, a maternal grandson of</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, to the</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.Henry was the son of</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(the fourth son of Edward III) and</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_Lancaster" style="background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" title="Blanche of Lancaster">Blanche of Lancaster</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. </span><br />
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4.<b>Henry V</b><span style="background-color: white;"> (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422), also called </span><b>Henry of Monmouth</b><span style="background-color: white;">, was </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a><span style="background-color: white;"> from 1413 until his death in 1422.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">5.</span><b>Henry VI</b><span style="background-color: white;"> (6 December 1421 – 21 May 1471) was </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of English monarchs">King of England</a><span style="background-color: white;"> from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_claims_to_the_French_throne#Kings_of_France_(1422)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="English claims to the French throne">disputed</a><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_France" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of France">King of France</a><span style="background-color: white;"> from 1422 to 1453. The only child of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a>.</div>
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<b>Edward IV</b><span style="background-color: white;"> (28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a><span style="background-color: white;"> from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470,</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EdwardIV_1-1" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV#cite_note-EdwardIV-1" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white;"> and again from 11 April 1471 until his death. He was the first </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkist" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yorkist">Yorkist</a><span style="background-color: white;"> king. </span><span style="background-color: white;">Edward's father Richard of York had been the designated heir to </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry VI of England">King Henry VI</a><span style="background-color: white;"> until the birth of Henry's son </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward</a><span style="background-color: white;"> in 1453. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">6.</span><b>Edward V</b><span style="background-color: white;"> (2 November 1470 – </span><abbr style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 1483</span><span style="background-color: white;">)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-walk_1-0" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_V#cite_note-walk-1" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white;"> succeeded his father, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a><span style="background-color: white;">, as </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a><span style="background-color: white;">and </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Horrox_2-0" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_V#cite_note-Horrox-2" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white;"> upon the latter's death on 9 April 1483. He was never crowned.</span></div>
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<b>Richard III</b> (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a> from 1483 until his death in 1485. He was the last king of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_York" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House of York">House of York</a> and the last of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagenet_dynasty" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plantagenet dynasty">Plantagenet dynasty</a>.</div>
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When his brother <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a> died in April 1483, Richard was named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Protector" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> of the realm for Edward's eldest son and successor, the 12-year-old <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_V" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward V">Edward V</a>. Arrangements were made for Edward's coronation on 22 June 1483. Before the king could be crowned, the marriage of his parents was declared <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigamous" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bigamous">bigamous</a> and therefore invalid. Now officially illegitimate, their children were barred from inheriting the throne.</div>
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<b>Henry VII</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Harri Tudur</i>; 28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a> from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death. He was the first monarch of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Tudor" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a>.Henry's main claim to the English throne derived from his mother through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Beaufort" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House of Beaufort">House of Beaufort</a>. Henry's mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, was a great-granddaughter of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster">John of Gaunt</a>, Duke of Lancaster, fourth son of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a>.</div>
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<b>Henry VIII</b><span style="background-color: white;"> (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547. </span><span style="background-color: white;">Henry Tudor was the third child and second son of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a><span style="background-color: white;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">7.</span><b>Edward VI</b><span style="background-color: white;"> (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was the </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a><span style="background-color: white;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a><span style="background-color: white;"> from 28 January 1547 until his death. He was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white;"> Edward was the son of </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a><span style="background-color: white;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Seymour" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a></div>
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<b>Lady Jane Grey</b><span style="background-color: white;"> (</span><abbr style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 1537</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-birth_3-1" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey#cite_note-birth-3" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white;"> – 12 February 1554), also known as </span><b>Lady Jane Dudley</b><span style="background-color: white;"> (after her marriage)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-odnbJane_4-0" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey#cite_note-odnbJane-4" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white;"> and as "the </span><b>Nine Days' Queen</b><span style="background-color: white;">",</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white;"> was an English noblewoman and </span><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="De facto">de facto</a></i><span style="background-color: white;"> Queen of England and Ireland from 10 July until 19 July 1553.</span></div>
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<b>Mary I</b> (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as <b>Mary Tudor</b>, was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of English monarchs">queen of England</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a> from July 1553 until her death. Mary was the only child of Henry VIII by his first wife, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, to survive to adulthood. </div>
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<b>Elizabeth I</b> (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of English monarchs">Queen of England</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a> from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603. Sometimes called <b>the Virgin Queen</b>, <b>Gloriana</b>or <b>Good Queen Bess</b>, Elizabeth was the last of the five monarchs of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Tudor" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a>.Elizabeth was the daughter of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>, his second wife.</div>
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<b>James VI and I</b> (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Scotland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of Scotland">King of Scotland</a> as <b>James VI</b> from 24 July 1567 and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> as <b>James I</b> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Union of the Crowns">union of the Scottish and English crowns</a> on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. James was the son of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, and a great-great-grandson of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII,_King_of_England_and_Lord_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="">Henry VII, King of England and Lord of Ireland</a>.</div>
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<b>Charles I</b> (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[a]</a></sup> was <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Scotland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of Scotland">King of Scotland</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a> from 27 March 1625 until <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Execution of Charles I">his execution</a> in 1649.Charles was born into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Stuart" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a> as the second son of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_VI_of_Scotland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King James VI of Scotland">King James VI of Scotland</a>.</div>
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<b>Charles II</b> (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[c]</a></sup> was king of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>. He was king of Scotland from 1649 until his deposition in 1651, and king of England, Scotland and Ireland from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1660_Restoration" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1660 Restoration">1660 Restoration</a> of the monarchy until his death.Charles II was the eldest surviving child of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England,_Scotland_and_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland">Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria of France</a>. His elder brother died the day he was born.</div>
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<b>James II and VII</b> (14 October 1633<sup style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a></sup> – 16 September 1701<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-death_1-1" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_%26_VII#cite_note-death-1" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup>) was <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of England">King of England</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_monarchs" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Irish monarchs">Ireland</a>as <b>James II</b> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scotland</a> as <b>James VII</b>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_%26_VII#cite_note-ReferenceA-3" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup> from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688. James inherited the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland from his elder brother <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>.</div>
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<b>William III</b><span style="background-color: white;"> (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a><span style="background-color: white;">: </span><i lang="nl">Willem</i><span style="background-color: white;">; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702),</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OSNS_2-2" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_%26_II#cite_note-OSNS-2" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white;"> also widely known as </span><b>William of Orange</b><span style="background-color: white;">, was sovereign </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Orange" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Principality of Orange">Prince of Orange</a><span style="background-color: white;"> from birth, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtholder" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stadtholder">Stadtholder</a><span style="background-color: white;"> of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Holland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="County of Holland">Holland</a><span style="background-color: white;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="County of Zeeland">Zeeland</a><span style="background-color: white;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Utrecht" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lordship of Utrecht">Utrecht</a><span style="background-color: white;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelders" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guelders">Guelders</a><span style="background-color: white;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Overijssel" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lordship of Overijssel">Overijssel</a><span style="background-color: white;"> in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a><span style="background-color: white;"> from the 1670s and King of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingdom of England">England</a><span style="background-color: white;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a><span style="background-color: white;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a><span style="background-color: white;"> from 1689 until his death, co-reigning with his wife, Queen </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></div>
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<b>Mary II</b> (30 April 1662 – 28 December 1694) was Queen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of English monarchs">of England</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scotland</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_monarchs" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Irish monarchs">Ireland</a>, co-reigning with her husband, King <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_%26_II" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="William III & II">William III & II</a>, from 1689 until her death. Although their father <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James,_Duke_of_York" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="James, Duke of York">James, Duke of York</a>, was <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, Mary and her sister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> were raised as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicans" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> at the wishes of their uncle, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a>. He lacked legitimate children, making Mary second in the line of succession as James's eldest child. </div>
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<b>Anne</b> (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[a]</a></sup> was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of English monarchs">Queen of England</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scotland</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_monarchs" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Irish monarchs">Ireland</a>between 8 March 1702 and 1 May 1707. On 1 May 1707, under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a>, the kingdoms of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> united as a single <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. She continued to reign as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of British monarchs">Queen of Great Britain</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> until her death in 1714. Anne was born in the reign of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> to his younger brother and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="James II of England">James</a>, </div>
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<b>George I</b> (George Louis; German: <i lang="de">Georg Ludwig</i>; 28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-note_1-3" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain#cite_note-note-1" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[a]</a></sup> was <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Great_Britain" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of Great Britain">King of Great Britain</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of Ireland">Ireland</a> from 1 August 1714 and ruler of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duchy and Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover)</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> from 23 January 1698 until his death in 1727. Born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> to its <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elector_Ernest_Augustus" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elector Ernest Augustus">Elector Ernest Augustus</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electress_Sophia" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electress Sophia">Electress Sophia</a>, George inherited the titles and lands of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg from his father and uncles. A succession of European wars expanded his German domains during his lifetime; he was ratified as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-elector" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prince-elector">prince-elector</a>of Hanover in 1708. After the deaths in 1714 of his mother and his second cousin <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne, Queen of Great Britain</a> (r. 1702–1714), George ascended the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_throne" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British throne">British throne</a> as Anne's closest living <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> relative under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a>. </div>
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8.<b>George II</b><span style="background-color: white;"> (George Augustus; German: </span><i lang="de">Georg II. August</i><span style="background-color: white;">; 30 October / 9 November 1683</span><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_dates" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain#endnote_dates" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">O.S./N.S.</a></sup><span style="background-color: white;"> – 25 October 1760) was </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Great_Britain" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of Great Britain">King of Great Britain</a><span style="background-color: white;"> and </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of Ireland">Ireland</a><span style="background-color: white;">, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a><span style="background-color: white;"> (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a><span style="background-color: white;">) and a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-elector" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prince-elector">prince-elector</a><span style="background-color: white;"> of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><span style="background-color: white;"> from 11 June 1727 (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a><span style="background-color: white;">) until his death in 1760.</span></div>
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<b>George III</b> (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-date_3-1" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-date-3" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[c]</a></sup> – 29 January 1820) was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of British monarchs">King of Great Britain</a>and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a> from 25 October 1760 until <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Acts of Union 1800">the union of the two countries</a> on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> until his death in 1820. George was born in London at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_House" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Norfolk House">Norfolk House</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Square" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="St James's Square">St James's Square</a>. He was the grandson of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a>, and the eldest son of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_of_Saxe-Gotha" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Augusta of Saxe-Gotha">Augusta of Saxe-Gotha</a>.</div>
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<b>9.George IV</b><span style="background-color: white;"> (George Augustus Frederick; 12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a><span style="background-color: white;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Hanover" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a><span style="background-color: white;"> following the death of his father, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_III" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King George III">King George III</a><span style="background-color: white;">, on 29 January 1820, until his own death ten years later. </span></div>
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<b>William IV</b><span style="background-color: white;"> (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a><span style="background-color: white;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Hanover" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a><span style="background-color: white;"> from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837. The third son of </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George III">George III</a><span style="background-color: white;">, William succeeded his elder brother </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George IV">George IV</a></div>
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<b>Victoria</b> (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of British monarchs">Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> from 20 June 1837 until her death. Victoria was the daughter of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a> (the fourth son of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_III" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King George III">King George III</a>), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a>.</div>
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10.<b>Edward VII</b><span style="background-color: white;"> (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of British monarchs">King</a><span style="background-color: white;"> of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a><span style="background-color: white;"> from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910.</span></div>
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<b>George V</b> (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Dominions" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Dominions">British Dominions</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_India" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a>, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. Born during the reign of his grandmother <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, George was third in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_British_throne" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Line of succession to the British throne">line of succession</a>behind his father, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_Edward" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prince Albert Edward">Prince Albert Edward</a>, and his own elder brother, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prince Albert Victor">Prince Albert Victor</a>. From 1877 to 1891, George served in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, until the unexpected death of his elder brother in early 1892 put him directly in line for the throne. </div>
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11.<b>Edward VIII</b> (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972) was <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dominion">Dominions</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_India" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a>, from 20 January 1936 until <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">his abdication</a> on 11 December of that year.Edward was born during the reign of his great-grandmother <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King George V">King George V</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mary of Teck">Queen Mary</a>.</div>
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<b>George VI</b> (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dominion">Dominions</a> of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a> from 11 December 1936 until his death. Known as "Bertie" among his family and close friends, George VI was born in the reign of his great-grandmother <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, and was named after his great-grandfather <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Albert, Prince Consort</a>. As the second son of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King George V">King George V</a>, he was not expected to inherit the throne.</div>
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<b>Elizabeth II</b> (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup> born 21 April 1926)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-birthday_3-0" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-birthday-3" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[a]</a></sup> is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Queen of the United Kingdom">Queen of the United Kingdom</a> and the other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-constitutional_5-0" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II#cite_note-constitutional-5" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[b]</a></sup>Elizabeth was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="London">London</a> as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_VI" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King George VI">King George VI</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth</a>, and she was educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII_abdication_crisis" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward VIII abdication crisis">abdication</a> of his brother <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VIII" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King Edward VIII">King Edward VIII</a> in 1936, from which time she was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a>.</div>
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Our queen is only the second queen regnant to have succeeded as an eldest daughter of the previous king.</div>
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So the answer to my question is 11 eldest sons inherited the throne from their fathers but only 9 of these were crowned king.</div>
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<br />Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-40416182897185964662019-11-06T10:00:00.001+00:002019-11-06T10:00:26.108+00:00Diary w/e 2 NovSun 27 Oct<br />
<br />
South Africa be a Wales in a game that was dull compared with England's victory.<br />
<br />
Mon 28 Oct<br />
<br />
Cardiology nurse increased he dose of hypotensive as I have become breathless this month.<br />
<br />
Wed 30 Oct<br />
<br />
U3A History 3 continued our study of Spain in the 19th century. Housegroup Amos 8-9.<br />
<br />
The 31 Oct<br />
<br />
Only four times did he doorbell ring this evening and we never answered.<br />
<br />
Fri 1Nov<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: , , "blinkmacsystemfont" , ".sfnstext-regular" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">March 2017 a van came out of a side road and wrote off our Yaris. Only today have the van's insurers admitted liability. So we get our excess and no court appearance. PTL.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: , , "blinkmacsystemfont" , ".sfnstext-regular" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: , , "blinkmacsystemfont" , ".sfnstext-regular" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sat 2 Nov</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: , , "blinkmacsystemfont" , ".sfnstext-regular" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: , , "blinkmacsystemfont" , ".sfnstext-regular" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">England very disappointing losing to South Africa, the better side inWorld Cup final.</span>Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-18662921340724299962019-11-06T09:47:00.002+00:002019-11-25T15:44:41.088+00:00Books read and revised Nov 2019<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. <span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Tudors: The History of England Volume II</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B000APSHY6","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Peter Ackroyd</span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">The second volume I have read in this excellent series goes from Henry VIII's accession to the death of Elizabeth. So this is Reformation and the beginning of a superpower. One gets a real insight into he characters of four monarchs and the changes in Reformation England. Ackroyd writes history in lively style and he shows a capable understanding of Reformation theology. He left me thinking Henry a tyrant, Catherine of Aragon very badly treated, Anne Boleyn probably guilty of adultery, Mary a sad figure, Elizabeth the wise who would not allow deviation publicly from her views, especially debates on religions. A great summary if the 16th century.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="a-section a-spacing-none" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin-bottom: 22px;">
<h1 class="a-size-large a-spacing-none" id="title" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.3 !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">2. Civil War: The History of England Volume III (History of England Vol III)</span> by <span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B000APSHY6","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Peter Ackroyd</span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span></h1>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">This volume would be better titled, 'The follies of the Stuarts'. It covers 1603, the accession of James I, to the flight of James II in 1688. It gives insight into the lives and characters of four kings and the providentialist Lord Protector, Cromwell. James was a bisexual Scot with a lavish and immoral court. His legacies are a transformative Bible translation and the divine right of kings which led to civil war under his son, Charles I. Charles was a pious, moral, political incompetent who paid the price of his folly with his head. Charles II was welcomed back but proved an immoral liar who could not be trusted. He dallied with the French and converted secretly to Roman Catholicism. His brother James was more austere and responsible but his passion for Roman Catholicism was his undoing. Well written but being a history of England it is light on evens in Scotland.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.</span></span></span></span><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Thicker Than Water (Jessica Daniel Series) by Kerry Wilkinson </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B005DD1EJA","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kerry Wilkinson</span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">A reasonable whodunit with </span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">clues</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> as to the solution.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">4.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; line-height: 1.3;">The Pure In Heart: Simon Serrailler Book 2</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); color: #111111;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); color: #111111;">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); color: #111111;"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111;"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B001HD36KK","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0066c0;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Susan Hill</span></span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0066c0; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="color: #0066c0;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(85 , 85 , 85);">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(85 , 85 , 85);"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">A crime novel </span></span><span style="color: #555555;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">centering</span></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> on a kidnap but not a </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #555555;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">whodunit or thriller. Deal's with the shattering effects on a family when a child is kidnapped. Also the question of euthanasia and Christian care for the incurable.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #555555;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #555555;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">5.</span></span><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">The Heretic: 1536 Who Will Survive the New World Order?</span><span class="a-size-large" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B00JFGQBYY","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Henry Vyner-Brooks</span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">I </span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">think</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> the heretic of the tile is an Anabaptist Norfolk mother but it could be he hero of the novel, a former Hospitalier </span></span></span></span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">knight and Crusader now a monk in an abbey facing dissolution. Well written as to life in Norfolk at the time but rather far fetched with young brothers being swiftly trained to enter a royal tournament and joust. The author's sympathies seem to be with he Anabaptists with heir separation on church from state.</span><br />
<span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">6.</span><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; line-height: 1.3;">Foundation: The History of England Volume</span><span class="a-size-large" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.3;"> I</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); color: #111111;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); color: #111111;">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); color: #111111;"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B000APSHY6","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0066c0;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Peter Ackroyd</span></span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="color: #0066c0;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">From pre-history to HenryVII. We learn about kings but also about the social history the is the lives of ordinary people. One major omission is the only English oboe giving Henry II permission t invade Ireland and bring he Celtic church here under Rome. This has such a major effect in subsequent centuries that it should be included.</span></span></span></span></div>
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Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-17038127118124524172019-10-28T08:06:00.000+00:002019-10-28T08:06:06.331+00:00Diary w/e 26 OctSun 20 Oct<br />
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At son David's for his 27th birthday. Not sanctified enough to join the family at their charismatic church. I am too much of a charismosceptic.<br />
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Mon 21 Oct<br />
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Stared downloading quotes from my Yahoo group as it is to be deleted by Yahoo and I will lose 2005 to 2010 quotes in two months' time.<br />
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Tu 22 Oct<br />
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Heard my uncle, Neil Graham died age 90, the last of my parents' generation. Dinner with Mary and Elliott Larson, an Afghan feast.<br />
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Fri 25<br />
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Son Simpson's funeral. Age 88 he was a left of centre eccentric remembered for his long care of his late wife Berty who had Parkinsomism many years.<br />
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Sat 26<br />
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Against he odds, England beat he All Blacks to get to the World Cup Final. Katy took me to exchange books a Evangelical Library.Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-54682153166543785942019-10-22T16:14:00.001+01:002019-10-22T16:14:51.187+01:00A permanent exclusion zone round a school<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; caret-color: rgb(29, 34, 40); color: #1d2228; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-size: 26px;"><strong><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, segoe, sans-serif;">The gloves are off!</span></span></strong></span><br /> </div>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: arial, "helvetica neue", helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Birmingham city council has applied to the court to have its injunction banning parental protests outside Anderton Park Primary School made permanent. In other words, they want a permanent exclusion zone round Anderton where parents will be forbidden to gather - to protest, criticise staff or hand out leaflets (</span><strong><a href="https://vfjuk.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=748b2cc9dae1e2713467c199a&id=53beec4858&e=08dca29dd7" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6dc6dd; font-weight: normal; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="color: mediumblue;">https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/oct/18/council-asks-judge-to-ban-<br />lgbt-lessons-protesters-from-near-school</span></a></strong><span style="color: black;">). We await the judgment.<br /><br />Anderton is situated in a predominantly Muslim area and, unsurprisingly, has mainly Muslim pupils. The protestors – in the main, parents – want the school to stop promoting and normalising LGBT behaviours and life-style choices to children as young as 3, and teaching them that gender is a matter of choice, not biology. They say that such teaching is not just deeply confusing, but that it also goes against the basic tenets of their faith. <br /><br />A not unreasonable position, one would have thought. Why should 3 year olds be encouraged to question their gender, or think about any kind of sexual relations at all? And why should parents stand quietly by, while their beliefs are traduced? But the school and Birmingham city council clearly disagree, refusing even to consider that parents should have the right to have some sort of say in what their children are taught.<br /><br />And in this, it seems, they are being backed to the hilt by the DfE, which has now issued guidance on what they call ‘parental engagement’. Which only a while ago was labelled ‘consultation’ (</span><strong><a href="https://vfjuk.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=748b2cc9dae1e2713467c199a&id=bf0c342b46&e=08dca29dd7" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6dc6dd; font-weight: normal; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="color: mediumblue;">https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/engaging-parents-with-relationships-education-policy</span></a></strong><span style="color: black;">). <br /><br /><strong>Take note of the word change, because it is crucial!</strong><br /><br />When the RSE Regulations were first issued, they stated clearly (a) that all schools must have in place a written policy for RSE, and (b) that schools must consult parents in developing and reviewing their policy (</span><strong><a href="https://vfjuk.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=748b2cc9dae1e2713467c199a&id=222b92fb52&e=08dca29dd7" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6dc6dd; font-weight: normal; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="color: mediumblue;">https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/relationships-education-relationships-and-sex-education-rse-and-health-education</span></a></strong><span style="color: black;"> ). However, the DfE was clearly unprepared for the strength of parental outrage at this attempted indoctrination of young minds. Following parental protests outside schools, it quickly became apparent that any idea of genuine consultation was a sham – something that has become abundantly clear in the growing number of statements being issued, saying that parents have the right to express their opinions (provided they don’t stage protests, of course), but do not have a right of veto. It’s up to schools what they teach!<br /><br />Now the position has been explicitly spelt out in the recently issued guidance referred to above – and, most telling of all, the mandatory <strong>consultation</strong> has been magically transformed into a more neutral sounding … <strong>parental engagement</strong>.<br /><br />This is deliberate obfuscation, and even the most charitable would surely say it was a declaration of war, with parents being lined up in the DfE’s sights as the enemy. The clear message is that schools and the State know best … children belong to the State! And the extremist bigots who are their parents must put up and shut up!<br /><br />But, sadly, the new Regulations are only the tip of this LGBT juggernaut, because now Stonewall has also issued advice – <strong>this time on how to make the whole curriculum LGBT compliant</strong> <br />(</span><strong><a href="https://vfjuk.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=748b2cc9dae1e2713467c199a&id=1e59ccf4e5&e=08dca29dd7" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6dc6dd; font-weight: normal; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="color: mediumblue;">https://www.stonewall.org.uk/system/files/inclusive_curriculum_guide.pdf</span></a></strong><span style="color: black;">).<br /><br />Yes, seriously. They are saying that everything a child learns has to be thematically shaped to promote acceptance of LGBT values and behaviours. So, for instance, in English – study LGBT authors and themes (and presumably make them up if they’re not there). Maths – give examples using LGBT people and different family structures; and with statistics, use LGBT percentages and fractions. Geography – talk about experiences of LGBT people in Britain and round the world. Religious Education – explore the work of people campaigning for LGBT equalities in faith communities. Even worse, as evidenced by a colourful cartoon produced for children aged around 5, teach them that whether you believe in Jesus, Vishnu or anyone else, God loves LGBT people and approves their ‘love’ (</span><strong><a href="https://vfjuk.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=748b2cc9dae1e2713467c199a&id=aeb92cdbae&e=08dca29dd7" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6dc6dd; font-weight: normal; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="color: mediumblue;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4E4A4sbV4HQ</span></a></strong><span style="color: black;">)!<br /><br />So not content with teaching children that all expressions of ‘love’ are the same, no matter how outlandish or risky, now the plan is to <em>gayify</em> the whole of the curriculum. Very soon children won’t know there ever was any other way of viewing the world!<br /><br />According to a survey conducted by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in 2017, 2% of the population self-identified as LGB. There was no percentage recorded for people self-identifying as trans, because the numbers were too low (</span><strong><a href="https://vfjuk.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=748b2cc9dae1e2713467c199a&id=19c0986e80&e=08dca29dd7" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6dc6dd; font-weight: normal; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="color: mediumblue;">https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/<br />sexuality/bulletins/sexualidentityuk/2017</span></a></strong><span style="color: black;">). By contrast, in the 2011 census into religious belief in the UK, the ONS found that 59.3% of the population identified as Christian, 4.8% as Muslim, and 3.2% as belonging to other religious groups, including Hindu, Sikh, Jewish, and Buddhist (</span><strong><a href="https://vfjuk.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=748b2cc9dae1e2713467c199a&id=8103ea6422&e=08dca29dd7" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6dc6dd; font-weight: normal; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="color: mediumblue;">https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/<br />religion/articles/religioninenglandandwales2011/2012-12-11</span></a></strong><span style="color: black;">). These are the latest official figures.<br /><br />The point to be made is that anything other than heterosexual behaviour is classified as sin by all the world’s major religions – yet a mere 2% of the population are now campaigning to impose their aggressive views on the whole of society, in the process criminalising religious belief as hate speech and homophobia. <br /><br />Let us be clear, everyone has an absolute right to choose the life they want to live. Some life-style choices may be unwise, but that does not deny the basic right – nor does it mean that God ceases to love someone because of that choice. But God does not, and never will, condone sin. It was precisely to save us <strong><em>from</em></strong> sin that Christ died. The conclusion is inescapable. The State has become complicit in a totalitarian attempt to reconfigure morality and overturn belief.<br /> </span></span></span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-family: "comic sans ms", "marker felt-thin", arial, sans-serif;">How long will this madness go on?</span></span></span></strong> <br /><br /><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: arial, "helvetica neue", helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span><strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: "comic sans ms", "marker felt-thin", arial, sans-serif;">If you haven't yet done so, please email or write to your MP today, protesting at the intimidatory tactics of the DfE and cavalier dismissal of parental concerns. Copy in the Secretary of State for Education, the Rt Hon Gavin Williamson MP.</span></span></span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: tahoma, verdana, segoe, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><strong>Read the report and s</strong></span><span style="font-size: 20px;"><strong>ee video highlights of our conference</strong></span></span><br /><strong><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 24px;"><span style="font-family: "comic sans ms", "marker felt-thin", arial, sans-serif;">Slaughter of the Innocent - why abortion affects us all</span></span></span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Click here:</span><span style="color: mediumblue;"> </span><a href="https://vfjuk.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=748b2cc9dae1e2713467c199a&id=01b5eef0aa&e=08dca29dd7" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6dc6dd; font-weight: normal; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="color: mediumblue;">https://vfjuk.org.uk/news-updates/slaughter-of-the-innocent-conference-2019-report/</span></a></strong></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>DVD and CD sets now available</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><br /><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: black;">Conference DVD Set (£20)<br />Conference CD Set (£15)</span></span><br /><em><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: black;">UK Postage £4</span></span></em></strong><br /><br /><strong><span style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica neue, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Order here: </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica neue, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://vfjuk.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=748b2cc9dae1e2713467c199a&id=d52ae68812&e=08dca29dd7" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6dc6dd; font-weight: normal; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="color: mediumblue;">https://vfjuk.org.uk/slaughter-of-the-innocent-media/</span></a></span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong><span style="color: black;">***********************</span></strong></span><br /><img height="133" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallery.mailchimp.com%2F748b2cc9dae1e2713467c199a%2Fimages%2F1656add9-6c28-4bc1-8c07-7fc12a46bdc0.jpg&t=1571756692&ymreqid=bb273e2c-1e3b-0477-1cfb-870042011e00&sig=rX4E5kxxRNf4Gb7oouzHdQ--~C" style="border: 0px; height: auto !important; margin: 0px; min-height: 133px; outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; width: 100px;" width="100" /></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: arial, "helvetica neue", helvetica, sans-serif;">VfJUK commends the mass protest being organised by</span></span></span></div>
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<em><strong style="color: black; font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, segoe, sans-serif;">Our children Our faith Our rights</span></strong></em><span style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica neue, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> </span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica neue, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>Where: Parliament Square<br />When: Saturday 26th October. <br />Time: 11 am</strong></span></span><br /><strong><span style="font-size: 17px;"><span style="font-family: "comic sans ms", "marker felt-thin", arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;">Make your voice heard and claim the right to opt out of RSE</span></span></span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Register here: </span><a href="https://vfjuk.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=748b2cc9dae1e2713467c199a&id=6d26f6e746&e=08dca29dd7" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6dc6dd; font-weight: normal; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="color: mediumblue;">https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/mass-protest-right-to-opt-out-of-rse-tickets-73896298819</span></a></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong><span style="color: black;">************************</span></strong></span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica neue, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Following the imposed decriminalisation of abortion in Northern Ireland, and if you haven't yet done so, p</span></strong><strong style="color: black; font-family: arial, "helvetica neue", helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">lease sign our petition calling for the Government to reject calls to legalise abortion in the UK up to birth.</strong></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;">Sign here:</span></strong></span> <br /><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong><a href="https://vfjuk.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=748b2cc9dae1e2713467c199a&id=fdd31ee6ff&e=08dca29dd7" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6dc6dd; font-weight: normal; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="color: mediumblue;">https://www.change.org/p/the-prime-minister-of-the-uk-reject-calls-to-legalise-abortion-up-to-birth</span></a></strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="color: black;">**********************</span></strong><br /> </div>
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Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-21333271601669752202019-10-20T11:03:00.000+01:002019-10-21T04:03:23.801+01:00Banned from Amazon reviewingBelow is some of my correspondence with Amazon. I had hundreds of reviews published and all have been deleted. Unfortunately the <span style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Freedom of Information Act does not cover this.</span><br />
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<div style="caret-color: rgb(29, 34, 40); color: #26282a; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">
On Saturday, 19 October 2019, 16:52:11 BST, Amazon.co.uk <review-appeals amazon.co.uk=""> wrote:</review-appeals></div>
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Hello, </div>
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Amazon has noticed some unusual reviewing activity on this account. As a result, we removed all of this account’s reviews. It is no longer able to contribute reviews, comments, customer questions and answers, and other content.</div>
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Why is this happening? </div>
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Customer reviews are meant to provide unbiased product feedback to help customers make informed purchase decisions. Any reviews that could be viewed as advertising, promotional, or biased will not be posted. </div>
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This account can no longer contribute any content for one or more of the following reasons:</div>
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-- Elements of the account indicate a relationship to sellers, publishers, or other reviewers of the products this account reviewed. </div>
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-- Reviews were posted in exchange for compensation, such as gift cards to purchase the product, product refunds, review swaps, or free or discounted products. </div>
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-- The account requested free or discounted products in exchange for reviews. </div>
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-- The account was created for the primary purpose of writing biased reviews.</div>
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-- An unauthorized party may have accessed this account to write reviews.</div>
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If you would like to learn more, please see our Community Guidelines (<a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/review-guidelines" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.co.uk/review-guidelines</a>).</div>
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To contact us about this decision, please email <a href="mailto:community-help@amazon.co.uk." rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">community-help@amazon.co.uk.</a></div>
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Review Moderator</div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.amazon.co.uk/</a></div>
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and, </div>
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Thank you again for letting us know about the customer reviews issue . </div>
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We will investigate all reported reviews, and take appropriate action. </div>
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For privacy reasons, we cannot share the results of our investigation with you. We may not reply to further emails about this issue.</div>
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Warmest regards,</div>
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Jaydeen</div>
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Amazon.co.uk</div>
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Your feedback is helping us build Earth's Most Customer-Centric Company.</div>
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I find your reply tells me nothing.</div>
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'<span style="color: #26282a;">Earth's Most Customer-Centric Company' - who are you kidding? Six emails over a month and no reply. A phone call to you and a reply telling me to await <span style="caret-color: rgb(38, 40, 42);">investigation</span> then nothing until after a month when I emailed again.</span></div>
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You have behaved like judge, jury and executioner and without specifying a charge so allowing no defence.<span style="color: #26282a;"><br /></span></div>
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'<span style="color: #26282a;">For privacy reasons, we cannot share the results of our investigation with you.' For whose privacy? Is a third party involved here?</span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a;"> I intend to </span><span style="color: #26282a;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(38, 40, 42);">pursue this under the Freedom of Information Act.</span></span></div>
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Graham J Weeks<br />
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Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-13423621801489670792019-10-19T12:38:00.001+01:002019-10-19T12:38:21.734+01:00Diary w/e 19 Oct Sun 13<br />
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Cartagena, Spain. 652 miles from Italy. Beautiful city with a very humorous guide on trolley train round.<br />
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Mon 14<br />
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Gibraltar 252 miles from Cartagena. Visit to semi tropicaL ALMEDA GARDENS THE CABLE CAR UP TO THE ROCK. GREAT VIEWS AND VERY CLOSE UP TO THIEVING MONKEYS.<br />
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Tu 15<br />
At sea 249 miles from Gibraltar.<br />
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Wed 16<br />
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At sea 312 more miles and force 6<br />
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Th 17<br />
At sea. 369 more miles.<br />
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Fri 18</div>
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178 miles back to Southampton. Home by 10:30 am.<br />
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Sat 19<br />
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Visiting family in Canterbury.</div>
Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-37915584687881315132019-10-18T14:53:00.001+01:002019-11-01T11:32:49.861+00:00Books read and revised Oct 2019<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. <span class="a-size-medium a-color-base a-text-normal" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.255 !important; text-decoration: none; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Where We Are: The State of Britain Now</span> </span><span class="a-size-base" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 19px !important;">by </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 19px !important;">Roger Scruton </span></span><br />
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An excellent analysis of post Brexit Britain. A textbook case is made for why the referendum went to leave he EU. It's shortcomings are well recorded and the failure of past government to act in the interestes of national sovereignty. Blair acceded unlimited immigration for Eastern Europe seven years before we had to do so. An excellent critique of he Common Agricultural Policy.<br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">2. <span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Revolution: A History of England Volume IV (The History of England)</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B000APSHY6","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Peter Ackroyd</span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon@spritePackerImages-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Excellently re</span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">counted</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">history</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> from 1668 to Waterloo. Not merely the </span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">important</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> people and events but lots of social history too. Now I want to read the ot</span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">her</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> volumes in the series.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">3. <span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">The Gentry</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B001IR1OWM","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Adam Nicolson</span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon@spritePackerImages-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">The gentry are English landowners below the </span></span></span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">aristocracy. Various families are considered from the Wars of the Roses to modern times. Here are he ups and downs of the rich and powerful - how riches were attained and then often lost. Strangely the one sure way of losing money, gambling, does not figure largely but having to find dowries for daughters does. Also one may give away all the inherited wealth. The author is from and at home with this declining class of people so writes well about them. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">4. <span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">The King and the Catholics: The Fight for Rights 1829</span><span class="a-size-large" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Lady Antonia Fraser</span> <span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">This is the fourth book by the author I have enjoyed. I had no idea her parents </span></span></span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">are converts to Rome and her ancestors were Anglo-Irish Protestant ascendancy opponent of Catholic emancipation. This seems to me a very objectively narrated account. I wish today's politicians who change parties had the integrity of Peel who when he changed his views sought a by election. Was this the first time a monarch had given royal assent on the advice of his ministers against his own judgement.</span><br />
<span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">5.</span><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">If Symptoms Persist</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B001HOAFBW","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Theodore Dalrymple</span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon@spritePackerImages-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Spectator articles </span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">written</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> between 1991 </span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">and</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> 1994 by the wise and erudite prison doctor and hospital psychiatrist. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Witty and humorous as he rails against the irresponsibility of his patients and castigates social workers, lawyers and NHS administrators. </span><br />
<span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">6. </span><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">A Brief History of the Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy (Brief Histories)</span><span class="a-size-large" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B001JOYRHI","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Geoffrey Hindley</span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon@spritePackerImages-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">A very emailed history of the crusades. What was new to me was the anti-semitism involved and that any campaign to advance he RC church was a crusade whether in he Baltic region, against Albigensians and also he Spanish Armada and colonisation of South America. The final chapter on the continuing legacy is helpful to see the Muslim perspective.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">7. </span></span></span></span><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">What are We Doing Here?</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">by</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> </span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="a-declarative" data-a-popover="{"closeButtonLabel":"Close Author Dialogue Popver","name":"contributor-info-B000AQ76O2","position":"triggerBottom","popoverLabel":"Author Dialogue Popover","allowLinkDefault":"true"}" data-action="a-popover" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Marilynne Robinson</span> <span class="a-icon a-icon-popover" style="-webkit-background-size: 400px 900px; background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/AUIClients/AmazonUIIcon-sprite_1x-003a05344e6a5263c945684c66748394b4cbb9a2._V2_.png"); background-position: -90px -5px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 400px 900px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: italic; height: 5px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 0.385em; opacity: 0.6; vertical-align: text-top; width: 7px;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Author)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">I have read her novels and a collection of essays. These speeches are not easy reading. A self identified Calvinist but theological and political liberal. She does a great job vindicating the Purians, Cromwell and Edwards.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="contribution" spacing="none" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box;">8.The Guardians by John Grisham</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: #555555; white-space: nowrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #555555;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); white-space: nowrap;">Grisham good as ever. A page turner I read in one day.The Guardians exist to rescue the innocents from </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #555555;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); white-space: nowrap;">incarceration after wrong convictions. They prove three </span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: #555555; white-space: nowrap;">witnesses perjured themselves and evidence had</span><br />
<span style="caret-color: rgb(85, 85, 85); color: #555555; white-space: nowrap;"> been planted. A strong Christian flavour here.</span>Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-47587607487294240632019-10-18T14:34:00.001+01:002019-10-18T14:34:03.746+01:00Diary w/e 12 Oct eSun 6 Oct.<br />
Palma, Mallorca. 544 miles from Cadiz.Coach o a coastal viewpoint sat Valdermoossa then a restaurant to see flamenco and enjoy tapas and sangria.<br />
<br />
Mon 7 Oc<br />
<br />
At sea Mediterranean.328 miles from Palma.Force 7 but not as rough in the Med as the Atlantic.<br />
<br />
Tue 8<br />
<br />
Valletta, Malta.618 miles from Palma. Visited he old capital, Mdina and he new city. Mdina walled with narrow streets. Trolley train round Rabat. Malta very crowded.<br />
<br />
Wed 9<br />
<br />
Messina, Sicily.166 miles from Malta. Bus up Etna to 6000' by spectacular coastal motorway with 29 tunnels. Jewelery factory demonstration and tapas.<br />
<br />
The 10<br />
<br />
Naples. 187 miles from Sicily. Coach past Vesuvius to Sorrento and lunch. then to Salerno and fast motor boat to expensive Amalfi. Two drinks in Jerez was E5. Amalfi E16!<br />
<br />
Fri 11 Oct<br />
<br />
Civitavecchia 166 miles from Naples. Six cruise ships berthed.An hour on coach to grid locked Rome. Saw sights from coach so not good for photographs.<br />
<br />
Sat 12<br />
<br />
At sea. 307 miles. Typhoon led to cancellation of England v France rugby.<br />
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Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-20549873219515133642019-10-18T12:54:00.002+01:002019-10-18T12:54:32.888+01:00Diary w/e 5 Oct 19Sun 29 Sep<br />
<br />
Ealing Half Marathon led to roads closed and no morning service.Sinclair Ferguson preached afternoon and evening with church tea between.<br />
<br />
Mon 30 Sep<br />
<br />
Packing for our cruise.Resigned from Harmonsworh preaching after 8nyears as I am due to renew my security clearance, I have not been fit and numbers have been low.<br />
<br />
Tue 1 Oct<br />
Good journey to Southampton and quick boarding.Sailed 5pm. First five course dinner on board. Good sea view cabin.<br />
<br />
Wed 2 Oct and hu 3rd<br />
A sea. The Bay of Biscay was choppy and ship movement felt.But wind only force 2. Enjoyed a classical duo of cello and piano and also lectures on Bletchley Park and The Battle of the Atlanic. 315 miles from Southampton.<br />
<br />
Th 3 Oct<br />
820 miles from home. Out along the Portuguese coast was smooth.<br />
<br />
Fri 4 Oct<br />
904 miles from home.Docked in Cadiz past Cale Trafalgar and a coach to Herez. Maps and road signage were not helpful. Eventually we found the Tio Pepe bodegas and learned about sherry and brandy production but we had to rush away to our coach and missed he sherry tastting and atlpas we had paid for. The bodegas our was far more expensive than an disillery or brewery visited before.<br />
<br />
Sat 5 Oct<br />
A sea 262 miles from Cadiz.. Enjoyed seeing England thrash the Argies in he Worlds Cup. Still no news of Leeds games.Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-2190698081900883862019-09-28T11:24:00.000+01:002019-09-28T11:24:11.924+01:00Diary w/e 28 SepSun 23 Sep<br />
<br />
Chris Roberts adult Sunday School on 'I believe in Jesus Christ.' Before Paul preached Ps 67 we had an infant and adult baptism, the latter an Afghan convert. Littles came for birthday and anniversary lunch but I was so tired I slept after and also at evening service time.<br />
<br />
Mon 24 Sep<br />
<br />
Pain in chest leg side again. GP says I am anaemic and orders tests.<br />
<br />
Tu 25 Sep<br />
<br />
Urology consultant at Central Middlesex says I am looking well in he lighter of him thinking I might die in he July operation.<br />
<br />
Wed 26 Sep<br />
<br />
Six of us a house group on Amos 7. Completed my Rutherford Revised 365 letters.<br />
<br />
Th 27 Sep<br />
<br />
Lunch with the Littles a Pillars he West London University Restaurant run by the catering students. Best value lunch in Ealing.<br />
<br />
Fri 28 Sep<br />
<br />
Tried the new Koz Ocabasi Turkish Restaurant a the end if our road. Very well patronised for a new venture. Enjoyable, especially the Raki. Rewrote our wills with a change of executor.<br />
<br />
Sat 29 Sep<br />
<br />
Great to see Japan beat Ireland.<br />
<br />
<br />Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-35977581856193945522019-09-25T12:50:00.001+01:002019-09-25T12:50:42.627+01:00Rutherford in Verse<div class="page" title="Page 783">
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<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">LAST WORDS.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Mrs. A. R. Cousin, wife of Rev. W. Cousin, Free Church minister of Melrose, has woven into a delightful poem many of Samuel Rutherford</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s most remarkable utterances. This piece has become almost a household hymn, known over all our country, and in America no less. It is entitled sometimes by its first line, </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">The sands of time are sinking,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">and sometimes,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">The Last Words of S. R.,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">though it takes in many of his sayings, besides his deathbed words.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">The sands of time are sinking, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">The dawn of Heaven breaks,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">The summer morn I</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">ve sighed for, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">The fair sweet morn awakes:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dark, dark hath been the midnight, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">But dayspring is at hand,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">And glory</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">glory dwelleth In Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Oh! well it is for ever, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Oh! well for evermore,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">My nest hung in no forest<br />Of all this death-doom</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">d shore:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Yea, let the vain world vanish, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">As from the ship the strand,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">While glory</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">glory dwelleth </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">In Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land,</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">There the Red Rose of Sharon </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Unfolds its heartsome bloom,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">And fills the air of Heaven </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">With ravishing perfume:</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Oh! to behold it blossom, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">While by its fragrance fann</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">d,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Where glory</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">glory dwelleth In Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">The King there in His beauty, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Without a veil, is seen:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">It were a well-spent journey, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Though seven deaths lay between.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Lamb, with His fair army, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Doth on Mount Zion stand,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">And glory</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">glory dwelleth In Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Oh! Christ He is the Fountain, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">The deep sweet well of love!</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">The streams on earth I</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">ve tasted, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">More deep I</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">ll drink above:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">There, to an ocean fulness, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">His mercy doth expand, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">And glory</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">glory dwelleth</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">In Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">E</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">en Anwoth was not heaven</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">E</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">en preaching was not Christ;</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">And in my sea-beat prison </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">My Lord and I held tryst:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">And aye my murkiest storm-cloud </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Was by a rainbow spann</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">d,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Caught from the glory dwelling In Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">But that He built a heaven </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Of His surpassing love,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">A little New Jerusalem, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Like to the one above,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Lord, take me o</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">er the water,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">”</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Had been my loud demand,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Take me to love</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s own country, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Unto Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land.</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">”</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">But flowers need night</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s cool darkness, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">The moonlight and the dew;</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">So Christ, from one who loved it, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">His shining oft withdrew;</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">And then for cause of absence, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">My troubled soul I scann</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">d</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">But glory, shadeless, shineth In Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">The little birds of Anwoth<br />I used to count them blest,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Now, beside happier altars</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">I go to build my nest:<br />O</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">er these there broods no silence,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">No graves around them stand, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">For glory, deathless, dwelleth</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">In Immmanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fair Anwoth by the Solway, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">To me thou still art dear!</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">E</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">en from the verge of Heaven </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">I drop for thee a tear.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Oh! if one soul from Anwoth </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Meet me at God</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s right hand,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">My Heaven will be two Heavens, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">In Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">I have wrestled on towards Heaven,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Gainst storm, and wind, and tide:</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Now, like a weary traveller, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">That leaneth on his guide, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Amid the shades of evening,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">While sinks life</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s ling</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">ring sand, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">I hail the glory dawning</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">From Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Deep waters cross</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">d life</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s pathway, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">The hedge of thorns was sharp;</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Now these lie all behind me</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Oh! for a well-tuned harp!</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Oh! to join Halleluiah<br />With yon triumphant band,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Who sing, where glory dwelleth, In Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">With mercy and with judgment </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">My web of time He wove,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">And aye the dews of sorrow </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Were lustred with His love. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">I</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">ll bless the hand that guided,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">I</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">ll bless the heart that plann</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">d, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">When throned where glory dwelleth</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">In Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Soon shall the cup of glory<br />Wash down earth</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s bitterest woes,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Soon shall the desert-briar </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Break into Eden</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s rose:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">The curse shall change to blessing</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">The name on earth that</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s bann</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">d,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Be graven on the white stone </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">In Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Oh! I am my Belovèd</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">And my Beloved is mine! </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">He brings a poor vile sinner</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Into His </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">House of wine.</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">”</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">I stand upon His merit,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">I know no other stand,<br />Not e</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">en where glory dwelleth</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">In Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">I shall sleep sound in Jesus, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Fill</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">d with His likeness rise,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">To live and to adore Him,<br />To see Him with these eyes.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Tween me and resurrection </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">But Paradise doth stand;</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Then</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">then for glory dwelling </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">In Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land!</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">The Bride eyes not her garment, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">But her dear Bridegroom</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s face;</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">I will not gaze at glory,<br />But on my King of Grace</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Not at the crown He gifteth, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">But on His piercèd hand:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">The Lamb is all the glory </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Of Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">I have borne scorn and hatred,<br />I have borne wrong and shame,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Earth</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s proud ones have reproach</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">d me, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">For Christ</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s thrice blessed name:</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Where God His seal set fairest </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">They</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">ve stamp</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">d their foulest brand;</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">But judgment shines like noonday </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">In Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">But there I may not come,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">My Lord says, </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Come up hither,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">”</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">My Lord says, </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Welcome Home!</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">”</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">My kingly King, at His white throne, </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">My presence doth command,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Where glory</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">glory dwelleth In Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s land.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">I have asked this be sung a my </span></span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage; font-size: large;">funeral - as many verses as they can manage!</span><br />
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Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-70543751251478145442019-09-25T12:37:00.007+01:002019-09-25T12:37:57.436+01:00Rutherford Revised (365)<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">365. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">To Mr. John Murray, Minister of Methven </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: #333333;">From S</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">t. Andrews </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslon;">Reverend and Dear Brother</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">If I rightly apprehend our condi- tion, we are in a way of declining. We were, within these few years, more in the conscionable use of means, and the Lord did shine upon us in some measure; and now we are fallen from that which we were. It is judged fit by some (and many of our solidest professors) that if we cannot have them in congregations, yet families and private persons may have days of humiliation, at least the last Wednesday of every month or thereabout, according to the best conveniency of Providence. And if this were gone about in your country, and in Stirlingshire, Fife, in Merse, Teviotdale, the West, in </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Nithsdale and Galloway, and other places, it would prove our strength and help; for we are few and very low. Our enemies are not idle; and there is a faintness and heartless discouragement on the spirits of many. These are to ask that you would combine with Mr. Robert Campbell,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Mr. John Cruickshanks,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage; vertical-align: 5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">and other of our brethren in your area, to stir up one another that we may wrestle with the Lord for the remnant. I am confident the Lord will yet be inquired of us for this. Though the same particular day be not observed, yet, where many are on work, some salvation from the Lord</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s arm is to be expected. I am decaying most sensibly, and I should look on it as a mercy if the Lord would send a wakening among His own. And blessed shall he be who shall blow the trumpet to cause other sleeping ones awake, and shall help to build the wastes, and the fallen tent of David. I shall earnestly desire you do bestir yourself in his.</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">I shall write to J</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">——</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">, and to others here, and do the best I can to give you a convenient account; for nothing is left to us but that.</span><img alt="page738image3012747072" height="0.500000" src="blob:https://www.blogger.com/aeeb0c0e-f70d-495f-8623-6e55d70e6764" width="72.500000" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;"> So remembering me to your wife, and expecting your help, I rest, Your own brother, </span></span><span style="font-family: ACaslon; font-size: large;">S. R.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Mr. Robert Anderson is most eagerly desired for by the parishioners of Leuchars, and as strenuously opposed by our brethren here.</span></span></div>
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Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-82939832939753412322019-09-25T12:31:00.004+01:002019-09-25T12:31:48.080+01:00Rutherford Revised (364)<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">364. To (Brethren in) Aberdeen </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: #333333;">From S</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">t. Andrews</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslon;">Reverend and Dearly Beloved in the Lord</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Grace be to you, and peace from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">There were some who rendered thanks, with knees bowed to Him </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">of whom is named the whole family in heaven and earth,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">when they heard of </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">your work of faith, and labour of love, and patience of hope in our Lord Jesus;</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">and rejoiced not a little, that where Christ was scarce named, in flavour and power of the Gospel, even in Aberdeen, there Christ has a few names precious to Him, who will walk with Him in white. We looked on it (He knows whom we desire to serve in our spirit in the Gospel of His Son) as a part of the fulfilling of that, </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">The wilderness and solitary place will be glad for them; and the desert will rejoice and blossom as the rose</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">(Isa. 35:1). But now it is more grievous to us than a thousand deaths, when we hear that you are shaken, and so soon removed from that which you once acknowledged to be the way of God. Dearly beloved, the sheep follow Christ, who calls them by name: a stranger they will not follow, but they fly from him, for they do no know the voice of a stranger. You know the way, by which you were sealed to the day of redemption; and you received the Spirit, by the hearing of faith. Do not part from that way, unless you see there is no rest for your souls in it. Neither listen to them that say, </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Many were converted under episcopal as well as under presbyterial government, and yet the godly gave testimony against bishops;</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">for the instruments of conversion loathed Episcopacy, with the ceremonies of it, and never sealed it with their sufferings. We shall desire instances of any engaged by oaths, and sufferings of the faithful messengers of God, and the manifestations of the Lord</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s presence, in the way you now forsake, who yet turned from it, and went one step toward sinful separation (and </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">did it in that way you now aim at), and did yet flourish and grow in grace. But we can bring proofs of many who left it, and went further on to abominable ways of error. And you do not have it in your power where you shall lodge at night, having once left the way of God. And many, we know, lost peace and communion with God, and fell into a condition of withering, and not being able to find their lovers, were forced to return to their first Husband. We shall beg you, consider what a stumbling it is to malignant opposers of the way and cause of God (who with their ears heard you, and with their eyes saw you, so strenuously take part with the godly in their sufferings, and profess yourselves for religion, truth, doctrine, government of the house of God, His Covenant and cause), if now you build again what you once destroyed, and destroy what you built. And will you not make yourselves, by so doing, transgressors? How will it wound the hearts of the godly, stain the profession, darken the glory of the Gospel, shake the faith of many, weaken the hands of all, if you (and you first of all in this kingdom) will stretch out the hand to demolish the walls of our Jerusalem, by reason of which the Lord made her </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">terrible as an army with banners!</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">For when kings came, and saw the palaces and walls of it, they marvelled and were troubled, and sped away; fear took hold on them there, and pain as of a woman in labour. And we will be grieved, if you should be heirs to the guiltiness of breaking down the same hedge of the vineyard, for the which the sad indignation of God follows this day the Royal Family, many Nobles, houses great and fair, and all the Bishops' party in these three kingdoms. And when your dear brethren are weak and fainting, will we believe that you will leave us, and be divided from this so blessed a union? The Lord Jesus Christ, we trust, will walk in the middle of the golden candlesticks, and be with us, if you will be gone from us. Beloved in the Lord, we cannot but be persuaded better things of you; and we will not conceal from you that we are ignorant what to answer when we are reproved, on your behalf, in regard that your change to another gospel-way (which the Lord stop!) is so much the more scandalous, that the sudden alteration (unknown to us before) now overtakes you when men come among you against whom the furrows of the fields of Scotland do complain. Do not forget , dear brethren, that Christ has now the fan in His hand, and this is also the day of the Lord, that will burn as an oven; and that Christ now sitts as a refiner of silver, purifying the sons of Levi, and purging them as gold and silver, that they may offer unto the Lord an offering of righteousness; and those that keep </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">the word of His (not their own) patience shall be delivered from the hour of temptation, that will come on all the earth to try them.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"> If you exclude all non-converts from the visible city of God (in which, daily, multitudes in Scotland, in all the four quarters of the land, above whatever our fathers saw, throng into Christ), will they not be left to the lions and wild beasts of the forest, even to Jesuits, seminary-priests, and other seducers? For the magistrate has no power to compel them to hear the Gospel, nor do you have any church-power over them, as you teach; and they do not bring love to the Gospel and to Christ out of the womb with them; and so they must be left to embrace what religion is most suitable to corrupt nature. Nor can it be a way approved by the Lord in Scripture, to excommunicate from the visible church (which is the office-house of the free grace of Christ, and His draw-net) all the crowds of non- converts, baptized, and visibly within the covenant of grace, which are in Great Britain, and all the reformed churches; and so to shut the gates of the Lord</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s gracious calling upon all these (because they are not, in your judgment, chosen to salvation), when once you are within yourselves.</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage; vertical-align: 5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">For how can the Lord call Egypt His people, and Assyria the work of His hands, and all the Gentiles (who for numbers are as the flocks of Kedar, and the abundance of the sea) the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ, if you number infants (as many do), and all such as your charity cannot judge converts (as others do) among heathens and pagans, who have not a visible claim and interest in Christ? The candlestick is not yours, nor the house; but Christ fixs and removes the one, and builds or throws down the other, according to His sovereignty. We in humility judge ourselves, though the chief of sinners, the sons of Zion and of the seed of Christ; if you part from us, and carry from here the candlestick, let our Father be judge, and show us why the Lord has called you to come out from among us. We look upon this visible church, though black and spotted, as the hospital and guest-house of sick, halt, injured, and withered, over which Christ is Lord, Doctor, and Master: and we would wait on those that are not yet in Christ, as our Lord waited on us and you both. We, therefore, your brethren, children of one Father, cannot but with tears and exceeding sorrow of heart earnestly entreat, beseech, and swear you, by the love of our Lord Jesus Christ, by His sufferings and precious ransom which He paid for us both, by the consolations of His Spirit, by your appearance before the dreadful tribunal of our Lord Jesus, yes, and charge you before God and the same Lord Jesus, </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">who shall judge </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">the living and the dead, at His appearing, and His kingdom;</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” do </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">not break the spirits and hearts of those to whom you are as dear as their own soul. Do not leave the assemblies of the people of God; let us not divide.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"> Not a few of the people of God in this shire of Fife (in whose name I now write) dare say, if you leave, that you will leave Christ behind you with us, and the golden candlesticks; and shut yourselves, we much fear, out of the hearts and prayers of thousands dear to Jesus Christ in Scotland. Therefore, before ye fix judgment and practice on any untrodden path, let a day of humiliation be agreed upon by us all, and our Father</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s mind and will inquired, through our one common Saviour. And let us see one another</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s faces at best conveniency, and plead the interest of Christ, and be comforted; and not be stumbled at your ways.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;"> So expecting your answer, we shall pray that the God of peace, who brought again from the dead our Lord Jesus, that great Shepherd of the sheep, through the blood of the everlasting covenant, may make you perfect in every work to do His will, working in you that which is well-pleasing in His sight, through Jesus Christ. And I shall remain,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Your affectionate brother in the Lord, </span></span><span style="font-family: ACaslon; font-size: large;">S. R.</span></div>
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Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-14446730138522745962019-09-25T11:36:00.002+01:002019-09-25T11:36:30.675+01:00Rutherford Revised (363)<span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: large;">363. To Mr. Robert Campbell</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">[</span><span style="font-family: ACaslon;">Mr. Robert Campbell </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">was minister of a parish in the Presbytery of Dunkeld. He was a Protester, and after the restoration of Charles II. was ejected for nonconformity to Bishops. </span></span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage; font-size: large;">Rutherford died on the 20th of March 1661, shortly after this letter was written.</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage; font-size: large;">]</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslon;">Reverend and Dear Brother</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">You know that this is a time in which all men almost seek their own things, and not the things of Jesus Christ. You are alone, as a beacon on the top of a mountain; but do not faint : Christ is a numerous crowd Himself, yes, millions. Though all </span></span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage; font-size: large;">the nations were convened against Him round about, yet do not doubt He will, at last, arise for the cry of the poor and needy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">For me, I am now near to eternity;</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage; vertical-align: 5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">and, for ten thousand worlds I dare not venture to pass from the protestation against the corruptions of the time, nor go along with the shameless apostasy of the many silent and dumb watchmen of Scotland. But I think it my last duty to enter a protest in heaven, before the righteous Judge, against the practical and legal breach of Covenant, and all oaths imposed on the consciences of the Lord</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s people, and all popish, superstitious, and idolatrous mandates of men. Know that the overthrow of the sworn Reformation, the introducing of Popery and the mystery of iniquity, is now set on foot in the three kingdoms; and whosoever would keep their clothes clean are under that command, </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Touch not, taste not, handle not.</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">”</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"> The Lord calls you, dear brother, to be still </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">steadfast, unmoveable, and abounding in the work of the Lord.</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Our royal kingly Master is upon His journey, and will come, and will not delayy; and blessed is the servant who will be found watching when He comes. Do not fear men, for the Lord is your light and salvation. It is true, it is somewhat sad and comfortless that you are alone; but so it was with our precious Master: nor are you alone, for the Father is with you. It is possible that I shall not be an eyewitness to it in the flesh, but I believe He comes quickly who will remove our darkness, and shine gloriously in the Isle of Britain, as a crowned King, either in a formally sworn covenant, or in His own glorious way; which I leave to the determination of His infinite wisdom and goodness. And this is the hope and confidence of a dying man, who is longing and fainting for the salvation of God.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"> Beware of the ensnaring ties and obligations, by any handwriting or otherwise, to give unlimited obedience to any authority, but only in the Lord. For all innocent self-defence (which is according to the Covenant, the Word of God, and the laudable example of the reformed churches) is now intended to be utterly subverted and condemned: and what is taken from Christ, as the flower of His prerogative-royal, is now put upon the head of a mortal power; which must be that great idol of indignation that provokes the eyes of His glory. Dear brother, let us mind the rich promises that are made to those that overcome, knowing that those that endure to the end shall be saved.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Your affectionate brother in Christ, </span></span><span style="font-family: ACaslon; font-size: large;">S.R.</span></div>
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Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-5693097501020692872019-09-25T11:01:00.001+01:002019-09-25T11:01:06.641+01:00Rutherford Revised (362)<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">362. For my Reverend and dear Brother, Chris's soldier in bonds, Mr. <a href="https://christianquoter.blogspot.com/2019/09/rutherfords-correspondents-20james.html">James Guthrie</a>, Minister of he Gospel at Stirling </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: #333333;">From S</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">t. Andrew 15 Feb 1661</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslon;">Dear Brother</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">We are very often comforted with the word of promise; though we stumble not a little at the work of holy providence, some earthly men flourishing as a green herb, and the people of God counted as sheep for the slaughter, and killed all the day long. And yet both word of promise, and work of providence, are from Him whose ways are equal, straight, holy, and spotless.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">As for me, when I think of God</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s dispensations, He might justly have brought to the market-cross, and to the light, my unseen and secret abominations; which would have been no small reproach to the holy name and precious truths of Christ. But in mercy He has covered these, and shaped and carved out more honourable causes of suffering, of which we are unworthy.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"> And now, dear brother, much depends upon the way and manner of suffering, especially that His precious truths be owned with all heavenly boldness, and a reason of our hope given in meekness and fear; and the royal crown, and absolute supremacy of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Prince of the kings of the earth, affirmed as is becoming. For certain it is that Christ will reign, the Father</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s King in Mount Zion, and His sworn covenant will not be buried. It is not denied that our practical breach of covenant first, and then, our legal breach of it by enacting the same mischief and framing it into a law, may heavily provoke our sweetest Lord. Yet there are a few names in the land that have not defiled their clothess, and holy chidden on whom the Lord will have mercy, like the four or five olive- berries on the top of the shaken olive-tree (Isa. xvii. 6): and their eye will be toward the Lord their Maker. Do not think it that men plot against you; whether it be to exile, the earth is the Lord</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s; or perpetual imprisonment, the Lord is your light and liberty; or a violent and public </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">death,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">for the kingdom of heaven consists of a fair company of glorified martyrs and witnesses; of whom Jesus Christ is the chief witness, who for that cause was born, and came into the world. You are happy if you give testimony to the world of your preferring Jesus Christ to all powers. And the Lord will make the innocency and Christian loyalty of His defamed and despised witnesses in this land to shine to after-generations, and will take The Man-Child up to God and to His throne, and prepare a hiding- place in the wilderness for the mother, and cause the earth to help the Woman. Do not be terrified; do no fret. Forgive your enemies; bless, and do not curse; for, though both you and I should be silent, sad and heavy is the judgment and indignation of the Lord, that is on the unfaithful watchmen of the Church of Scotland. The souls under the altar are crying for justice, and there is an answer returned already. The Lord</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s salvation will not delay.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Put the burden of wife and children on the Lord Christ; He cares for you and them. Your blood is precious in His sight. The everlasting consolations of the Lord bear you up and give you hope; for your salvation (if not deliverance) is concluded.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Your own brother, </span></span><span style="font-family: ACaslon; font-size: large;">S. R.</span></div>
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Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-22345125300090807012019-09-25T10:50:00.001+01:002019-09-25T10:50:14.996+01:00Rutherford's Correspondents (20)James Guthrie <div style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Guthrie_from_6_martyrs.png" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; background-image: none; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.15999984741211px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="520" data-file-width="437" decoding="async" height="262" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/James_Guthrie_from_6_martyrs.png/220px-James_Guthrie_from_6_martyrs.png" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/James_Guthrie_from_6_martyrs.png/330px-James_Guthrie_from_6_martyrs.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/James_Guthrie_from_6_martyrs.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumb tright" style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); clear: right; color: #222222; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
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James Guthrie from the Carslaw's easy-to-read book which has an account of his life and an appendix on his trial<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarslaw1907_8-0" style="font-size: 9.896320343017578px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Guthrie_(minister)#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarslaw1907-8" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Guthrie_statue,_Old_Town_Cemetery_(geograph_2723622).jpg" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="640" data-file-width="480" decoding="async" height="293" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/James_Guthrie_statue%2C_Old_Town_Cemetery_%28geograph_2723622%29.jpg/220px-James_Guthrie_statue%2C_Old_Town_Cemetery_%28geograph_2723622%29.jpg" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/James_Guthrie_statue%2C_Old_Town_Cemetery_%28geograph_2723622%29.jpg/330px-James_Guthrie_statue%2C_Old_Town_Cemetery_%28geograph_2723622%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/James_Guthrie_statue%2C_Old_Town_Cemetery_%28geograph_2723622%29.jpg/440px-James_Guthrie_statue%2C_Old_Town_Cemetery_%28geograph_2723622%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.370400428771973px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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James Guthrie statue by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Handyside_Ritchie" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexander Handyside Ritchie">Alexander Handyside Ritchie</a>, Valley Cemetery, Stirling 1857<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers187140_9-0" style="font-size: 9.896320343017578px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Guthrie_(minister)#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers187140-9" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a></sup></div>
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Guthrie, the eldest son of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laird" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laird">laird</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrie,_Angus" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guthrie, Angus">Guthrie</a>, Forfarshire, was born about 1612. He was educated at <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_College_(University_of_St_Andrews)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="St Leonard's College (University of St Andrews)">St. Leonard's College, St. Andrews</a>, where he graduated with an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.A._(Scotland)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="M.A. (Scotland)">MA</a>, and became one of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_(university)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regent (university)">regents</a>, distinguished for his lectures on philosophy.</div>
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At this time Guthrie was an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopalian_church_governance" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Episcopalian church governance">episcopalian</a>, and is said to have been zealous for prelacy and the ceremonies. Yet on 16 December 1638 the strongly antiprelatic assembly at Glasgow put him in the list of those ready for ecclesiastical vacancies. In January 1639 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Rutherford" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samuel Rutherford">Samuel Rutherford</a> was made divinity professor at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>, and under his influence Guthrie became a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_church_governance" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Presbyterian church governance">Presbyterian</a>. </div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="First_charge_at_Lauder"></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Guthrie_(minister)&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: First charge at Lauder"></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;"></span></span></h2>
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In 1642 he was ordained minister of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauder" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lauder">Lauder</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwickshire" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Berwickshire">Berwickshire</a>, and soon distinguished himself in the cause of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Covenant" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Covenant">National Covenant</a>. He was a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">General Assembly</a> from 1644 to 1651; in the first year he received (15 May) £15 towards the expenses of his attendance from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Kirk" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scottish Kirk">Kirk</a> session of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stow_of_Wedale" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stow of Wedale">Stow</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlothian" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a>. In 1646 he was one of seven commissioners appointed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Estates" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Committee of Estates">Committee of Estates</a> to wait on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Scotland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles I of Scotland">Charles I</a> at <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle-on-Tyne" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Newcastle-on-Tyne">Newcastle-on-Tyne</a> with a letter from the general assembly whose purport was, according to Kilpatrick, to press on Charles Presbyterianism and the Solemn League and Covenant.He preached before the Scottish Parliament on 10 January 1649, and on 16 January before the parliamentary commission for the visitation of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St._Andrews" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of St. Andrews">University of St. Andrews</a>. Next month a movement was made for his removal to Edinburgh. He preached on 13 July before the parliamentary commission for the visitation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>. In November he was translated to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Rude" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Church of the Holy Rude">Church of the Holy Rude</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stirling">Stirling</a> where he remained for ten years.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Political_background"></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Guthrie_(minister)&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Political background"></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;"></span></span></h2>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carisbrooke_Castle" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carisbrooke Castle">Carisbrooke Castle</a>, where a secret agreement, or "Engagement", was signed to back Charles I with an army in return for implementing the Solemn League and Covenant albeit in a weakened, some would say a compromised, form.</div>
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The origin of the dispute goes back to the year 1647, when, after difficult and intricate negotiations, Charles was delivered up to the English Parliament, and after an attempt to escape from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Court" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hampton Court">Hampton Court</a>was taken and committed as a prisoner to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carisbrooke_Castle" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carisbrooke Castle">Carisbrooke Castle</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>. While there, a secret treaty was framed between him and representatives from Scotland, in which he agreed under certain conditions to accept the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Solemn League and Covenant">Solemn League and Covenant</a>, and to establish Presbyterianism for three years in England. This treaty, known as the "Engagement," though approved by the Scottish Parliament, was rejected and condemned by the Commission of Assembly of the Church of Scotland, which instructed every minister to preach against it, and to use his utmost influence to prevent the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Hamilton" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marquis of Hamilton">Marquis of Hamilton's</a> expedition for the relief of the King from proving successful. The defeat of his army at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Preston_(1648)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Preston (1648)">Preston</a>, while it extinguished the hopes of his party, widened the breach which had now been made in the once united ranks of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanters" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Covenanters">Covenanters</a>. Two parties were formed, which regarded one another with unconcealed hostility: the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engagers" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Engagers">Engagers</a>, so called from the Engagement which Hamilton had made with the King; and the Remonstrants or strict Covenanters who were under the leadership of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Johnston" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Archibald Johnston">Warriston</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_1st_Marquess_of_Argyll" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll">Argyll</a>. James Guthrie wanted the full force of the Covenants in national life in all parts of the kingdoms and opposed the Engagement and supporting the army which backed it; he became a Remonstrator.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Resolutioners_versus_Protestors"></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Guthrie_(minister)&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Resolutioners versus Protestors"></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;"></span></span></h3>
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This breach was still further widened by an Act of the Scottish Parliament, known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Classes" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Act of Classes">Act of Classes</a>, which was passed on 23 January 1649, a week before <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles I of England">Charles</a> was beheaded. According to the act, the various ranks of Malignants or Engagers were declared incapable of holding any office of public trust or employment, whether in Church or in State. The first result of this Act was to throw the management of public affairs into the hands of those who were afterwards defeated by Cromwell at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dunbar_(1650)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Dunbar (1650)">Dunbar</a> in September 1650. Following Dunbar there was some soul-searching to determine what had gone wrong. This led to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Remonstrance" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Western Remonstrance">Western Remonstrance</a> which was read before the government on 22 October 1650 at Stirling.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonFleming1919xix_15-0" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Guthrie_(minister)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonFleming1919xix-15" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[15]</a></sup> The Remonstrance was also considered by the Commission of Assembly starting on 25 November 1650.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie1909123-124_16-0" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Guthrie_(minister)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie1909123-124-16" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[</a></sup> Essentially God was considered to have withdrawn his favour due to Achan-like sin at a personal and a national level. They did not shy away from listing even the king's sins. The proposed remedy was repentance and purification.</div>
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Others took a different view and blamed the defeat at Dunbar on the purging of some 5000 able men from the army and therefore wanted the conditions for entry into the army relaxed. On 14 December 1650, the Commission of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at Perth replied to a question from the government as to who would be allowed to fight in the army Following this reply the Parliament on 23 December 1650 passed its "Act of Levy" which in a contra-Gideon-like manner, expanded the list of those who would be allowed to fight.</div>
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By and by, when the Engagers returned to power, the Act of Classes was repealed, and a new army was levied which, to a large extent, was officered and filled by men who were regarded as unfaithful to the Covenant. In favour of this proceeding, however, the Church, forsaking the higher sphere, issued certain Resolutions, which were strenuously protested against by a large and influential minority. Such was the origin of the controversy between the Resolutioners and Protesters, which raged with unabated animosity for many years.</div>
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Those in favour of the loosening of the conditions for fighting were known as Resolutioners, a name derived from their approval of the resolutions of Commission and Parliament for the levy of 23rd December</div>
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The Church of Scotland was now unhappily split into two contending sections. Old friends who had fought side by side in earlier days became opponents, and there was much bitterness and occasionally misrepresentations, due in some cases to misunderstandings, exaggerated reports or false rumours. Of the Resolutioners, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Douglas_(minister)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Douglas (minister)">Robert Douglas</a> was, by head and shoulders, the acknowledged leader. His ministerial supporters included <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dickson_(minister)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="David Dickson (minister)">David Dickson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Baillie" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Baillie">Robert Baillie</a>, and James Wood. Among the Protesters the most outstanding ministers were James Guthrie, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Rutherford" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samuel Rutherford">Samuel Rutherfurd</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cant_(minister)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Andrew Cant (minister)">Andrew Cant</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Gillespie" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Patrick Gillespie">Patrick Gillespie</a>, and John Livingstone; and, of the elders, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Johnston" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Archibald Johnston">Wariston</a> and Sir John Cheisly; the two most strenuous fighters being Guthrie and WaristonSamuel Rutherford is known to have stayed with Guthrie in Stirling</div>
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<span id="Guthrie.27s_political_and_theological_views"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Guthrie's_political_and_theological_views"></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Guthrie_(minister)&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Guthrie's political and theological views"></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;"></span></span></h2>
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James Guthrie (Covenanter)</div>
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From the first, Guthrie ranged himself amongst the Protesters, and, indeed, was generally regarded as one of their principal leaders. By this time he had been translated to Stirling, where he had, as his colleague, Mr. Bennett, a man of kindred spirit, with whom, on the questions of the day, he was generally in agreement. Hew Scott's later edition says Guthrie came to Stirling around November 1650 although Kilpatrick discusses 1649.Not satisfied with expressing in a letter to the Commission of Assembly their dissatisfaction with the aforesaid Resolutions, they continued to preach against them and to denounce them as involving the nation in sin. For this they were cited to appear before the Committee of Estates at Perth, where <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> was now holding his Court, and, having done so, they refused to acknowledge the King's right to interfere with them in the discharge of their ministerial functions.</div>
<dl style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">"This our protestation' they said, "we make, not from any disrespect to the King's Majesty or your Lordships' authority, nor from any purpose to decline or disobey the same in anything civil, but from the tender regard which we have and owe unto the liberties and privileges of the Church of Jesus Christ, which both the King's Majesty and your Lordships and we are in so solemn a way bound to maintain and preserve inviolable."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarslaw1907144_26-0" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Guthrie_(minister)#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarslaw1907144-26" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[</a></sup></dd></dl>
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In 1650 Guthrie treated General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Middleton,_1st_Earl_of_Middleton" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John Middleton, 1st Earl of Middleton">John Middleton</a> with a high-handedness which sealed his own fate. Middleton, who joined <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Scotland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles II of Scotland">Charles II</a> immediately on his landing on 23 June, took the lead in a project for a royalist army in the north. On 17 October Guthrie, by the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Remonstrance" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Western Remonstrance">Western Remonstrance</a>", withdrew from the royalist cause; on 14 December he sent a letter to the general assembly at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a> denouncing Middleton as an enemy of the Covenant, and proposing his excommunication.Guthrie was appointed to pronounce the sentence next Sunday, and, despite a letter from the assembly bidding him delay the act, carried out the original order. At the next meeting of the commission (2 January 1651) Middleton was loosed from the sentence after public penance. He never forgave the affront.</div>
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The same meeting of commission which ordered Middleton's excommunication had passed a unanimous resolution authorising the acceptance of the military services of all but "obstinate" enemies of the covenant. Guthrie and his colleague, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Bennett_(Covenanter)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="David Bennett (Covenanter) (page does not exist)">David Bennett</a>, preached against this resolution. Summoned (19 February and 28 February) to Perth by the Committee of Estates to answer to the king for their conduct, they appeared, but, while acknowledging the king's civil authority, protested against his ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and declined to submit to what they called "a heighe prowoking the eiyes of the Lord's glorie". The attack on the resolution was led at the next meeting of the General Assembly at St. Andrews (16 July) by <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Menzies_(divinity_professor)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="John Menzies (divinity professor) (page does not exist)">John Menzies</a>, divinity professor in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marischal_College" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marischal College">Marischal College</a>, Aberdeen, Guthrie strongly supported him. The assembly met by adjournment at Dundee (22 July), when a protestation against the action of the commission was read, those who had signed it absenting themselves, as from an unlawful assembly. The church was now divided into "resolutioners" and "protesters". Guthrie and two others were deposed by the assembly on 30 July; but for the alarm of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell's</a> approach, which dispersed the assembly, other "protesters" would have been similarly dealt with. A rupture took place in nearly every presbytery; the "protesters" met by themselves, and held their own synod in Edinburgh. They even turned for protection to Cromwell. On 8 August 1654 Guthrie was appointed by the English <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_(England)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Privy Council (England)">Privy Council</a> one of the 'triers' and a visitor for the universities.</div>
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A conference between "resolutioners" and "protesters" at Edinburgh was rendered abortive by the attitude of Guthrie and Warriston. At a riot in Stirling on the election (1656) of a successor to Bennett, Guthrie was attacked with stones by "resolutioners". Kirk Session records from the time still survive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERonald189972-77,_367-376_30-0" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Guthrie_(minister)#cite_note-FOOTNOTERonald189972-77,_367-376-30" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[30]</a></sup> Both parties appealed to Cromwell in London in 1656. The champion of the "resolutioners" was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sharp_(bishop)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="James Sharp (bishop)">James Sharp</a>, afterwards archbishop, whose arguments led Cromwell to refuse the plea of the "protesters" for a commission in their favour. Cromwell assured the "protesters" that he was "for monarchical government, and that in the person of the king"; yet there is no doubt that Guthrie's insistence on the king's rights injured his chances. The cause of the "protesters" was further weakened by the defection of some of them (including Menzies) to independency, a development which increased Guthrie's opposition to Cromwell's government.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1890378_28-4" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Guthrie_(minister)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1890378-28" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[28]</a></sup></div>
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Guthrie's place of execution: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercat_Cross,_Edinburgh" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mercat Cross, Edinburgh">Mercat Cross</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mile" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Mile">Royal Mile</a>.</div>
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Execution of Rev James Guthrie next to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercat_Cross,_Edinburgh" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mercat Cross, Edinburgh">Edinburgh's Mercat Cross</a> (then located on the High Street); the second man, after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_1st_Marquess_of_Argyll" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll">Duke of Argyll</a>, to be executed for high treason after the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_of_1660_(Scotland)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Restoration of 1660 (Scotland)">Restoration of 1660</a>.</div>
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Martyrs' Monument (inscription). The central section mentions Guthrie's head which was put on public display at the Nether Bow port.</div>
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Martyrs' Monument, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyfriars_Kirkyard" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Greyfriars Kirkyard">Greyfriars Kirkyard</a></div>
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Site of the Netherbow Port on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Mile" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Royal Mile">The Royal Mile</a> where Guthrie's skull remained for 28 years.</div>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_(Scotland)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Restoration (Scotland)">Restoration</a> rendered the prospects of the "protesters" hopeless. Guthrie and nine others met in Edinburgh (23 August 1660) and drew up a "humble petition" to the king setting forth their loyalty, and reminding him of his obligations as a covenanter. The meeting was ordered to disperse, and as the warning was unheeded arrests were made. Guthrie was imprisoned in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a>. On 25 September his stipend was sequestrated. He was transferred to Dundee on 20 October, and thence to Stirling, where he remained till his trial. On 20 February 1661 he was arraigned for high treason before the parliament, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Middleton,_1st_Earl_of_Middleton" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John Middleton, 1st Earl of Middleton">Middleton</a> presiding as commissioner. The indictment had six counts.</div>
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The charges against Guthrie were six in number: (1) His contriving, consenting to, and exhibiting before the Committee of Estates the paper called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Remonstrance" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Western Remonstrance">The Western Remonstrance</a>. (2) His contriving, writing, and publishing the abominable pamphlet called "The Causes of God's wrath." (3) His contriving, writing and subscribing the paper called "The Humble Petition," of the 23 of August last, when he was apprehended. (4) His convocating of the King's lieges at several times, without warrant or authority, to the disturbance of the peace of the State and of the Church. (5) His refusal, by appeal and protest presented at Perth, to acknowledge the King as judge in certain matters. (6) Some treasonable expressions alleged to have been used by him in a meeting, in 1650 or 1651.</div>
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On February 20, 1651, his indictment being read, Guthrie delivered an excellent speech, which may be found in Wodrow's HistoryExpressing the hope that the Lord Commissioner (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Middleton,_1st_Earl_of_Middleton" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John Middleton, 1st Earl of Middleton">Middleton</a>, who was known to have a grudge against him) would "patiently and without interruption" hear him, he reminded his judges that the law of God, referred to in the indictment, is the supreme law, not only of religion, but also of righteousness, and that all laws and Acts of Parliament are to be understood and expounded in the light of our solemn vows and covenants.</div>
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The contriving of the "western remonstrance" and the rejection of the king's ecclesiastical authority were, from a legal point of view, the most formidable charges. In the preparation of his defence he surprised his counsel by the accuracy of his knowledge of Scots law. The trial was not concluded until 11 April. Guthrie's closing appeal made a strong impression. Several members withdrew; but only Tweeddale spoke in his favour, proposing banishment in place of the extreme penalty. On 28 May parliament ordered him to be hanged at the cross of Edinburgh on 1 June, in company with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Govan" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="William Govan">William Govan</a>, an obscure deserter. Guthrie's farewell letter (1 June 1661) to his wife shows great strength of character. At eleven o'clock the same day he signed a paper to dispose of the rumour that he was willing to retract. At dinner he called for cheese, saying his physicians had forbidden it, but he was beyond the need of such precautions. He spoke at the scaffold for about an hour, leaving a copy of his speech to be given to his son when he came of age. He is also reported to have left his ring with his niece. Opportunities of escape, he said, he had rejected, as flight might be taken as an admission of guilt. At the last moment he "raised the napkin from his eyes", and lifted up his voice for the covenants. His head was fixed on the Nether Bow port</div>
<dl style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">The legend runs that, a few weeks later, drops of blood fell from it on to Middleton's coach, making a new cover necessary, as "all the art of man could not wash out" the indelible stains. In 1688 Alexander Hamilton, a divinity student (died 29 January 1738, minister of Stirling), removed the head and buried it. The headless trunk was laid out by "ladies of quality", who dipped their handkerchiefs in the blood, George Stirling pouring "a phial of fragrant ointment" on the corpse; it was interred in the aisle of St. Giles' Church.</dd></dl>
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James Guthrie's chair.This along with his portrait and ring are kept at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Smith_Art_Gallery_and_Museum" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum">Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum</a>. Guthrie's ringalso features in a modern painting called The Stirling Smith Girl.</div>
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Guthrie's age at death was "about 49". He is celebrated as one of the first of the martyrs of the covenant, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Renwick_(Covenanter)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="James Renwick (Covenanter)">James Renwick</a> being one of the last. The two are thus commemorated in the inscription upon the ‘martyrs' monument’ in the Greyfriars' churchyard, Edinburgh, the Westminster Abbey of Scotland:</div>
<dl style="caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">But as for them, no cause was to be found</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Worthy of death but only they were found,</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Constant and steadfast, zealous witnessing</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">For the Prerogatives of CHRIST their KING</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Which Truths were seal'd by famous Guthrie's head,</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">And all along to Mr. Renwick's blood,</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">They did endure the wrath of enemies</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Reproaches, torments, deaths and injuries</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">But yet they're those who from such troubles came</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">And now triumph in glory with the LAMB.</dd></dl>
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The monument marks Renwick's burial-place, being fixed to the wall close to the spot where criminals were interred.</div>
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The Scottish parliament reversed the attainder on 22 July 1690. His name ("famous Guthrie's head") is commemorated in the rude lines on the "martyrs' monument" in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyfriars_Churchyard" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Greyfriars Churchyard">Greyfriars Churchyard</a>, Edinburgh. By his party he was called "Sickerfoot" ("Sure-foot").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1890379_36-5" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Guthrie_(minister)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1890379-36" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[</a></sup></div>
Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-3681142062288937462019-09-25T10:15:00.001+01:002019-09-25T10:15:19.962+01:00Rutherford Revised (361)<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">361. To Mistress Craig, on the death of her hopeful Son, who was drowned while washing himself ia river in France. </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: #333333;">From S</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">t. Andrew 4 Aug 1660</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslon;">Mistress</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">You have so learned Christ as now (in the fire) what dross, what shining of faith may appear, must come out. I heard of the removal of your son, Mr. Thomas. Though I be dull enough in discerning, yet I was witness to some spiritual evidences of the new birth and hope of the resurrection, which I saw in the hopeful youth, when he was, as was feared, dying in this city. And, since it was written and advisedly appointed, in the spotless and holy decree of the Lord, where, and before what witnesses, and in what manner, whether by a fever, the mother being at the bed, or by some other way in a far country (dear patriarchs died in Egypt, precious to the Lord, and have wanted burials) (Ps. 79:3), your safest way will be, to be silent, and command the heart to utter no discontented and fretting thoughts of the holy dispensation of God.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">1. The man is beyond the risk of argument; the precious youth is perfected and glorified.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">2. Had the youth laid, year and day, pained beside a witnessing mother, it had been pain and grief lengthened out to you in many portions, and every parcel would have been a little death. Now His holy Majesty has, in one lump and mass, brought to your ears the news, and has not divided the grief into many portions.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">3. It was not yesterday</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s thought, nor the other year</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s statute, but a counsel of the Lord of old; and </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">who can teach the Almighty knowledge?</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">”</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">4. There is no way of quieting the mind, and of silencing the heart of a mother, but godly submission. The readiest way for peace and consolation to clay pots is, that it is a stroke of the Potter and Former of all things. And since the holy Lord hath loosened the grip, when it was fastened sure on your part, I know that your light, and I hope that your heart, also, will yield. It is not safe to be at pulling and drawing with the omnipotent Lord. Let the pull go with Him, for He is strong; and say, </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“Your</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"> will be done on</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">earth as it is in heaven.</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">”</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">5. His holy method and order is to be adored. Sometimes the husband </span></span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage; font-size: large;">before the wife, and sometimes the son before the mother. So has the </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage; font-size: large;">only wise God ordered; and when he is sent before, and not lost, in all things give thanks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">6. Do not meditate too much on the sad circumstances, </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">the mother was not witness to the last sigh; possibly, cannot get leave to bury the son, nor to weep over his grave;</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">and, </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">he was in a strange land!</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">There is a like nearness to heaven of all the countries of the earth.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">7. This did not spring out of the dust. Feed and grow fat by this medicine and fare of the only wise Lord. It is the art and the skill of faith to read what the Lord writes upon the cross, and to spell and construct right His sense. Often we misunderstand words and sentences of the cross, and either put nonsense on His sticks, or burden His Majesty with slanders and mistakes, when He intends for us thoughts of peace and love, even to do us good in the latter end.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">8. It is but a private stroke on a family, and little to the public arrows shot against grieved Joseph, and the afflicted, but ah! dead, senseless, and guilty people of God. This is the day of Jacob</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s trouble!</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">9. There is a bad way of wilful swallowing of a temptation, and not digesting it, or laying it out of memory without any victoriousness of faith. The Lord, who forbidds fainting, forbidds also despising.</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">But it is easier to advise than to suffer: the only wise Lord furnish patience.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"> It were not amiss to call home the other youth. I am not a little afflicted for my Lady Kenmure</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s condition. I desire you, when you see her, to remember my humble respects to her. My wife heartily remembereth her to you; and is wounded much in mind with your present condition, and suffers with you.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Grace be with you. Yours in the Lord, </span></span><span style="font-family: ACaslon; font-size: large;">S. R.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><br /></span>Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7447457.post-67010478513593341242019-09-25T09:11:00.000+01:002019-09-25T09:11:00.891+01:00Rutherford Revised (359)<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">359. To a Brother Minister. </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: #333333;">From S</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">t. Andrews 1660</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">Judgment of a draught or minute of a Petition, to have been presented to the Committee of Estates, by those Ministers who were then prisoners in the Castle of Edinburgh for that other well-known Petition to his</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Majesty, about which they were when seized upon and made prisoners.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">[</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">But that no man may mistake or judge amiss of persons so fixed in the cause and faithful in their generations, know that this draught was not sent to Mr. Rutherford as a paper concluded and condescended upon among these brethren, whose love to truth made them in all things so tender that they were ever fond to abstain from all appearance of evil. It was more like the suggestion of some other men (wherein was laid before them what kind of address would most probably please, waiving the just measures of what was simply duty in their circumstances), than anything flowing from themselves, as the product of a mature deliberation. And, secondly, know (which confirms what was said), that whatever it was, or whoever gave the rise to it, yet it was never made use of, nor presented to the Committee of Estates, by any of these faithful men, whose praise, for their fidelity, fixedness, real and untainted integrity, is in the churches of Christ</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">(Note by Mr. Robert M</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">‘</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Ward, the original editor of Rutherford</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">Letters</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">”</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">).]</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: ACaslon;">Dear Brother</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">I am, as you know, restricted as another suffering</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">man, but dare not petition this Committee:</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">—</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">1. Because it draws us to capitulate with such as have the advantage</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">of the mount, the Lord so disposing for the present: and, to bring the matters of Christ to yes and no (you being prisoners and they the powers) is a risk.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">2. Speaking to them in writing, and passing in silence the sworn Covenant and the cause of God (which is the very present controversy), is contrary to the practice of Christ and the Apostles, who, being accused or not accused, affirmed Christ to be the Son of God and the Messiah, and that the dead must rise again, even when the enemy misstated the question. Yes, silence on the cause of God, which enemies persecute, seems a tacit deserting of the cause, when the state of the question is known to onlookers: and I know that the brethren do not intend to leave the cause.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">3. I know of no offence that you have given (I will not say what offence may be taken), either as to the matter or manner of your petition. For, if what you have done be a necessary duty laid aside by others, a duty can never give an offence to Christ, and so none to men; but Christians will look upon a pious, harmless, and innocent petition to the Prince, in the matters of the Lord</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s honour and the good of His church (though proffered by one or two, when they are silent whose it is to speak and act), as a sea- sonable duty.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">4. The draught of that petition, which you sent me, speaks not one word of the Covenant of God for the adhering to which you now suffer, and which is the object of men</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s hatred, and the destruction of which is the great work of the times. Your silence in this nick of time appears to be a non-confession of Christ before men; and you lack nothing to produce an uncleanly deliverance except the profession of silence.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">5. There is a promise and real purpose, as the petition says, to live peaceably under the King</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s authority. But, 1. Ye do not answer candidly and straitforwardly the mind of the rulers, who, to your knowledge, mean a far other thing by authority than you do. For </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro; font-style: italic;">you </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">mean, </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro; font-style: italic;">his just authority, </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">his authority in the Lord, and his just greatness, in the maintenance of true religion, as in the Covenant, Confession of Faith, and Catechisms, is ex-pressed from the Word of God: </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro; font-style: italic;">they </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">mean his </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro; font-style: italic;">supreme authority, </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">and absolute prerogative above laws, as their acts make clear, and as their practice is. For they refused, to such as were unwilling to subscribe their bond, to add </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">authority in the Lord,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">or, </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">just and lawful authority,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">or </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">authority as it is expressed in the Covenant.</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">But this draught of a petition, under your own hand, yields the sense and meaning to them which they crave. 2. That authority for which they contend is exclusive of the sworn Covenant; so that, unless you had said, </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">We shall be subject to the King</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s authority in the Lord, or according to the sworn Covenant,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">you say nothing to the point in hand; and that, sure, is not your meaning. 3. Whoever promised so much peaceable living under his Majesty</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s authority, leaving out the exposition of the fifth commandment, as your petition does, may upon the very same ground subscribe the bond refused by the godly; and so you pass from the Covenant, and make all those by-past actings of this church and State, these years bypast, to be horrid rebellion! And how deep that guiltiness draweth, consider.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">6. A condemning of the Remonstrance, simply and without any limit-ation and distinction, is a condemning of many precious ones in the land,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">and a passing from the causes of God</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">’</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">s wrath, which is the chief matter of the Remonstrance.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;">7. That nothing is before your eyes but the exoneration of your con- science, is indeed believed by the godly who know you; but a passing in silence of the honest materials in your former petition to his Majesty seemeth to be a deserting of it, since, in all your petition, you do not once say you cannot but adhere to that pious petition, as your necessary duty. And, that you intend in the petition the happiness of his Majesty, is also believed.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"> Dear brother, show to our brethren, that the Lord Christ, in your persons, has a stated question between Him and the powers on earth. The only wise God lead you now, when He hath brought you out in public, so to act as if you did see Jesus Christ by you, and seeing you. It is easy for such as are on the shore to throw advice to those that are tossed in the sea; but, only by living by faith, and by fetching strength and comfort from Christ, can you be victorious, and have right to the precious promises</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">of the tree of life,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” “</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">of the hidden manna,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">” </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">of the gifted </span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">“</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">morning star,</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">”</span><span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;">and the like, made to those who overcome: to whose strength and grace, brethren who desire with me to remember you do recommend you. I am, dear brother,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: ACaslonPro-Regular-Portage;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Yours, in the Lord, </span></span><span style="font-family: ACaslon; font-size: large;">S. R.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><br /></span>Graham Weekshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780884820746512099noreply@blogger.com0